AIDS, Condoms, and Carnival

AIDS has proved to be among the most serious challenges to mankind’s health in the 21st century. Given its devastating effect in Africa and the fact that a cure for AIDS is still far removed, governments across the world made the fight against the disease their priority.Innovative methods are observable in Brazilian and Indian societies where authorities act in line with or opposing cultural patterns. Thus, in India the government successfully taps local barbers to talk about AIDS to their clients, reinforcing their sense of worth and respect as folk counselors.Love of movies offers another vehicle for marketing condoms. In Brazil the anti-AIDS campaigners come to grips with machismo of the local men who leave women with little bargaining power to insist on the use of condoms.The efforts to market condoms to population have proved effective, raising awareness of AIDS dangers and role of condoms in prevention of the deadly infection.The US situation is vastly different from tha t of Brazil and India and thus requires different marketing methods. The absolute majority of Americans have no financial problem with buying condoms, and women have a lot more clout to insist on their use.At the same time, sex out of marriage is less of a sin in the liberal American culture, especially among younger generation, which makes it easier for person to have multiple partners.As for campaigning, Americans are less prone to believe things they see on the screen or hear from a counselor, since in the culture of excessive marketing people at a certain age develop a sort of immunity to public messages. For this reason, Brazilian and Indian methods would not work as well for the US.London International Group correctly focuses on its role in the prevention of AIDS. To strengthen this message, the company could launch courses at schools or colleges that would include just a few sessions, promoting the knowledge of the infection and the way condoms can fend off the danger.Alterna tively, the company can sponsor the production of documentaries about AIDS and its victims.Case 4-7. AIDS, Condoms, and Carnival.

Bio Answers

Lecture Quiz- 10/9/2010 Answer Key 1. The scientific study of life is called: A. biology B. ecology C. anatomy D. biochemistry E. limnology 2. Human beings are _______________ because they are composed of many cell types. A. unicellular B. acellular C. asymmetrical D. autotrophic E. multicellular 3. A/an _______ is composed of a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. A. organ B. system C. organism D. tissue E. population 4. Choose the CORRECT order (1-5) of increasing complexity/organization. A. 1) tissues, (2) organ systems, (3) cells, (4) organs, (5) organism B. (1) cells, (2) organ systems, (3) tissues, (4) organs, (5) organism C. (1) tissues, (2) organs, (3) organ systems, (4) cells, (5) organism D. (1) cells, (2) tissues, (3) organs, (4) organ systems, (5) organism 5. In an experiment designed to test the effect of temperature on goldfish respiration, the temperatures that were changed represent the ______ variable. A. control B. responding C. experimental D. correlative E. placebo 6. Which of the following is considered a basic tissue type?A. epithelial B. connective C. muscle D. nervous E. All of the above 7. ____________ exist as small biconcave blood cells that lack a nucleus when they are mature and carry oxygen throughout the body. A. Neutrophils B. Erythrocytes C. Platelets D. Monocytes E. Lymphocytes 8. ___________ receives sensory input, integrates data, and conducts impulses. A. Epithelial tissue B. Connective tissue C. Muscular tissue D. Nervous tissue E. Vascular tissue 9. The phospholipid bilayer that surrounds/maintains the integrity of a cell is called a: A. plasma membrane B.Sanger enclosure C. hydrophobic membrane D. dialysis membrane E. mosaic membrane 10. _____________ are small membranous structures that occur within the cell and have various functions. A. Matrices B. Organelles C. Cytoskeleton D. Golgi bodies E. Ribosomes 11. In the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane, the phospholipid molecules are oriented s o that the _____________ heads are facing the outside environment and the ________________ tails are facing the interior of the membrane. A. hydrophobic, hydrophilic B. hydrophilic, hydrophobic C. utotrophic, heterotrophic D. heterotrophic, autotrophic E. ectothermic, endothermic 12. The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane is called: A. denaturation B. osmosis C. dispersion D. dissociation E. reconstitution 13. Choose the CORRECT statement about solute concentrations or particles inside and outside the cell. A. In a hypertonic solution, there are more particles inside the cell. B. In a hypotonic solution, there are more particles outside the cell. C. In an isotonic solution the number of particles is equal. D.Lysis usually occurs when a cell is exposed to hypertonic solutions. E. Lysis occurs when a cell is exposed to an isotonic solution 14. The assisted transport of a molecule across the cell membrane without an expenditure of energy is known as ______. A. diffusio n B. facilitated transport C. active transport D. osmosis E. None of the choices are correct. 15. The _______ is a stack of slightly curved saccules that are important in packaging and secretion. A. mitochondria B. vacuoles C. Golgi apparatus D. lysosomes E. Endoplasmic reticulum 16.Molecular biologists have determined that during protein synthesis that the messenger RNA exits the nucleus through small openings in the nuclear envelope. These openings are known as ____. A. nuclear pores B. nucleoli C. Golgi bodies D. lysosomes E. peroxisomes 17. Glycolysis occurs within the ___________ and the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain occur within the _____________. A. mitochondrion, cytoplasm B. mitochondrion, plasma membrane C. cytoplasm, mitochondrion D. cytoplasm, lysosome E. plasma membrane, cytoplasm 18.The formation of ______ bonds involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another nearby atom. A. covalent B. ionic C. hydrogen D. polar E. all of the above 19. In an acidic solution: A. the number of H+ is less than the number of OHB. the number of OH- is greater than the number of H+ C. the number of H+ is equal to the number of OHD. the number of H+ is greater than the number of OHE. none of the above 20. Glucose breakdown leads to _________. A. DNA replication B. ATP buildup C. RNA synthesis D. ATP degradation E. ADP breakdown

New Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

New Architecture - Essay Example Calatrava concentrates most of his attentions on creating forms that highlight the progress of mankind. In doing so, he is attempting to inspire other human beings to new heights of spiritual and natural connection through their experience of his works. Some biographic material is necessary to understand some of Santiago Calatrava's influences and the major theories that have affected his work, but it is only by studying the work itself that one can form an appreciation for how Calatrava manages to address the human within his icons of design. Having grown up in a small rural area of Spain, Calatrava took inspiration from some of the most creative architects of past generations and creates new works of art that remain functional as public structures. Whether creating something as mundane as a communication tower or a high-rise apartment building capable of sheltering the multitudes, Calatrava conveys the beauty of nature's forms within the icons of design he creates. Santiago Calatra va Valls was born in a rural area of Valencia Spain known as Benimamet on July 28, 1951. His love for architecture and building emerged at a young age and he completed his undergraduate work at the Architecture School and Art and Crafts School in Valencia, finishing in 1975. Then he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. It was here that he gained knowledge of civil engineering and began perfecting his ideas for mass human use of structures. After he graduated from this prestigious school in 1981, Calatrava launched his architectural career having already established a high reputation in the field. He increased this reputation by dedicating himself largely to public works projects, such as the construction of bridges and train stations that still managed (Winkelman & Duncan, 2002). One such early piece that illustrates his unique perspective and eye for natural line is the Ernsting Warehouse Doors. They are created to appear more or less like any other ware house except that the division between the doors resembles a human smile rather than a solid face or a vertical divide down the middle. The magic of these doors takes place as they open. The bottom half of the door folds under the top and the panels flare in such a way that the doors create a flared opening reminiscent of a bazaar tent - reflecting the purpose of the building. Through his work, Calatrava has proven to be either an architect with the soul of a sculptor or a sculptor with the soul of an architect. Some of the architects he takes his influence from include other innovative iconographers Felix Candela, who brought Spanish architecture to world attention, and Antonio Gaudi, another Spanish architect who challenged many of the standards of the Barcelona elite in the execution of his designs. Le Corbusier also had a strong influence on Calatrava, particularly in his emphasis upon using organic forms (Eardley, 2006). Although Calatrava obviously takes inspiration from these earlier architects, he always remains focused upon the inherent forms of the human body and the forms discovered in the natural world when he designs his structures, always keeping the elements of engineering firmly in mind as he considers the use of the finished space and the appeal of its final form. The turning point that made Calatrava a big name in the architectural world came with his construction of the Montjuic Communications Tower in Barcelona. The

Data analysis Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Data analysis - Speech or Presentation Example If your answer is to change the school then please, indicate that is this change would be you 2nd, 3rd or 4th school. The data collected are in the form of the numbers representing each option for every question. The value of these numbers has no significance in the scope of this study. Thus, there was no need to calculate the mean and the median for the given data. The above statistics which are produced by the SPSS descriptive analysis performed on the data for question number 1 depicts that: The low values of standard deviation and variance for all 5 years illustrates that the data is not widely spread out instead it is inclined towards the mode which means that the teachers are mostly not willing to leave the school. The values of skewness and kurtosis obtained by the SPSS descriptive analysis further verify the above conclusion. The frequency tables for question number 1 in relation to its respective years are shown below which confirms that the percentages of teachers staying in the school are100%, 70.6%, 74.1%, 74% and 87.3% for the 5 years respectively. From these statistics, we calculated the percentages of the teachers leaving the school to be 0%, 29.4%, 25.9%, 26% and 12.7% for the respective 5 years. The percentages for the reason of leaving the school are also given in the frequency tables below. The low values of standard deviation and variance for all 5 years illustrates that the data is not widely spread out instead it is inclined towards the mode which means that the mostly teachers are not quitting the school. The values of skewness and kurtosis obtained by the SPSS descriptive analysis further verify the above conclusion. The frequency tables for question number 2 in relation to its respective years are shown below which confirms that the percentages of teachers staying in the school are100%, 70.8%, 73.9%, 68.6% and 90.1% for the 5 years respectively. From these statistics, we calculated the percentages of the teachers

We Are What We Trade by David Sirota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

We Are What We Trade by David Sirota - Essay Example Organizations and nations can ship their companies to locations or destinations that one can consider less expensive. In the end, it makes it easy for companies and nations to benefit from free trade and the element of globalization (Sirota). Even though globalization seems to bring benefits, there are several disadvantages that it captures. For instance, the author rightly put it by capturing an instance where the concept of free trade seems to water down the aspects of job creation. The author seeks to study the effects and the role that free trade presents to the global society. People and, in this case, parties concerned in the trade need to understand the impact of globalization and how it defines our nature. Sirota mentions the roles of lobbyists and crusaders who are out to promote free trade and globalization as parties who are carrying out a boring job. The author shares the notion that the work presented by these lobbyists as dishonest. It is not clear what the lobbyists and crusaders are vouching for on this matter (Sirota). It seems that while they continue talking about the positives of globalization, the negative keep on playing out. It is quite clear that the author assumes the responsibility to share these insights to place the society in a better position when it comes to making choices in the society. Sirota’s article plays three major roles in writing. First, it seeks to inform the readers about the effects of free trade and globalization. It is quite clear that the article leaves the reader in a better position to comment on the society and their role in dealing or addressing issues. Secondly, the author seems to criticize some of the roles, tasks and aspects that the lobbyists are making about globalization. Thirdly, the author is persuading the readers not to be passive when it comes to passing bills and policies that affect them whether directly or indirectly. It is

Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Managerial Economics - Essay Example Hence, the significance to be paid on any particular type wholly depends upon the investor and manufacturer’s choice of short term or long term prospects. The present paper deals with two variants of profit theory, viz., frictional profit theory and innovation profit theory. Each of these concepts define or explain economic profit in their own discreet ways and hence, are relevant in deciding various aspects of the underlying business, for the benefit of investors as well as manufacturers to some extent. Furthermore, the economy gains as well if economic units sort out the most efficient avenues of production or investment, since that would mean a speedier progress towards national growth. Broadly speaking, there are two different explanations to economic profit, namely, disequilibrium theories of profit and compensatory theories of profit. While the previous theory explains the logic behind an industry earning super-normal profits despite the presence of market disequilibria or discrepancies, the latter accomplishes how innovative activities taking place in a firm can assure super-normal profits to the same. Nonetheless, both these theories encompass many others within themselves (Hirschey, 2009, p. 12). Of them, only two belonging to each type, will be discussed underneath, namely, frictional profit theory and innovation profit theory. The discussion will involve comparison between the two concepts inclusive of evidences in support of the logics underlying them. Frictional theory of profit, as the name suggests, is the generation of super-normal profits due to frictions present in the economy. These are untimely events, leading to shocks in the market and thus confusing the normal state of the market. An industry is often characterised by a large number of buyers and sellers, so that there is no scope to earn super-normal profit. However, a sudden shock might shift the

Global Sexual Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Sexual Politics - Essay Example The present research has identified that globalization of sexuality simply refers to the changes witnessed by the world populations in the wake of tremendous alterations in all fields of life, leading towards the amalgamation of the sexual patterns adopted by various cultures and civilizations. In other terms, globalization of sexuality mirrors the acceptance of the sexual behavior and activities associated with the occidental cultures, which were considered to be sexual taboo and perversion in the oriental societies of the world. Consequently, identical with the globalization of corporate, economic, political, scientific and literary activities, sexuality has also experienced globalization partly due to the universality of sexuality. It is, therefore, globalization of sexuality is viewed to be one of the most noticeable features attributed to the contemporary era political, cultural and social life of the individuals belonging to different parts and regions of the world at large. Co nsequently, the homosexuals, once used to be looked down upon, had obtained profound liberty of getting involved into sexual activities without having any fears of persecutions at the hands of the dogmatists, moralists and other like-minded groups and communities, which used to condemn homosexuality by declaring it to be strictly contradictory to the religious values and moral principles. On the one side, the homosexual orientation is mistakenly stated to be against the prevailing social norms and cultural values; and on the other side, the torch-bearers of sexual freedom have determined the norms to be adopted by the individuals while observing the same activities.

Value of Art to the People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Value of Art to the People - Essay Example To this end, the piece of art serves them a memory of what they normally refer to as the sacrifice of Christ and so as it would naturally be expected, the value the sacrifice and thus the art dearly. The notion I develop about the people is that they are highly religious with so much emphasis on the Christian religion. From the piece of art I saw and how carefully the people have invested into the beauty and glamour of the art, it will not be out of place to say that most of the people are Christians who cherish the sacrifice of their religious leader highly. Again, I get the notion that even though there may as many popular cultures associated with the people, they are more inclined to their religious concepts than other aspects of their lives. There were two major components of the piece of art that was seen. The first has to do with the scene of an oval vessel with a sealed base. The vessel is made of clay and so could be said to be a ceramic art. The vessel can, therefore, hold w ater and food. The second scene is a tripod that has been made of stone. The color of the vessel and the stones are the same but there has been any color used to create other designs on the vessel. Looking closely at the piece of art, one can tell how the people value the availability of food and water, which are two of the major needs for human existence. However, the piece of art preaches that food and water can be made available only when the people come together as a collective force; as in the case of the tripod to work together. Indeed, the vessel cannot stand if any of the three stones is removed. From the value of the art to the people, I get a notion that the people are highly hard working and believe in the virtue of unity. It is not surprising there is the saying among the Chinese, who are also Asians that in unity is strength.  

Managing Financial Resource and Performance Assignment

Managing Financial Resource and Performance - Assignment Example Different stakeholders have competing and sometimes even conflicting interests with the company. It is the job of the company to ensure that a proper balance is strike between the two types of interests (Reeve, Warren and Duchac, 2012). Government: The government is concerned with the compliance o food grade standards and production quality maintenance of Coca Cola Company. Coca cola has to make sure that the food produced is of highest quality and complies with the adherence standards of the regulatory norms. Creditors: for the benefit of its creditors which include company distributors and vendors, the company organizes creditor meetings and also conducts regular surveys through distribution satisfaction survey. Training programs educate on the manner of sales and distribution is conducted at regular intervals by the company at its various head offices (CCI, 2010). Suppliers: for the benefit of suppliers and for engagement in sustainable relationships with the suppliers and contractors of the company, Coca Cola Company conducts Improvement Audits on a regular basis. It also organizes regular training programs among its suppliers for proper and standardised sourcing of ingredients for its produce. Plant visits educate suppliers about their quality standards and compliance level expected off them. Media: For the media, the company has regular publications of annual reports, press releases and CRS reports. The analysts can also come to investor conferences and analyst meetings when they are held. On any occasion the media can contact the company of the CCI Corporate Website and put their queries through the Online Feedback forms. Regulatory Bodies: the regulatory bodies are concerned with the environment friendliness of the production and waste disposal processes undertaken by the company. The production line and waste management teams of the operations department at Coca Cola have to assure that all

International Investments SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Investments SLP - Essay Example So after deliberating at the list of funds in Yahoo! Finance, I decided to spend approximately $95,000 for seven select funds which I deem will give me financial glory. The table below shows the name of the fund, its ticker, the number of shares I decided to buy, the recent share price and the total investment money needed. Table 1 lists my selected funds namely, VUG, QQEW, SPYG, RPX, EMT, VFINX, and SCHW which selected according to James Gardner’s core principle in investing – best growth stocks. In any type of investment, it is absolutely important to determine what kind of investor you are and of course what sort of investor do you aim to be. For this instance I can say that I am the type of investor who does not wish to trade each and every single day like a full time job. So long term growth is the best type of investment style that suits me. The ETFs VUG, QQEW, SPYG, and RPX are in the large growth category and I have allotted a considerable number of shares in them. VUG and SPYG have only 250 shares each because they have relatively higher share prices compared to the others. RPX and EMT have 400 shares each because they’re basically cheaper. I have allotted a solid 1000 shares in QQEW because of my big confidence in the NASDAQ-100 and in the even greater potential of the in ternational technology industry. The fifth on the list is EMT, which is a compendium of the â€Å"largest publicly-traded mining companies involved in industrial and precious metals exploration, extraction and production within the emerging world.† EMT plays a significant role in the mining industry, so I placed 400 shares to it. The two last items in my list are VFINX and SCHW. VFINX does not fail to be included at the top performing index fund; however it has an expensive share price so I just allocated 100 shares for it. SCHW is also one of the frequent top performers and it is relatively cheap so 350 shares were

Japanese Culture and Society Essay Example for Free

Japanese Culture and Society Essay Japan is country having a strong economic power, and good income levels and the citizen’s standard of living are one of the highest in the world. Japan’s fruitful economy is a result of fine consumer goods exports which were developed with the latest technologies that Japan has to offer. Another factor which made Japan rise would be its well-rounded culture. One of the noticeable factors of Japan’s culture would be its education. Education is a stabilizing factor in a person’s life and a country. Education is one important factor in creating a strong country. The adult literacy rate in Japan is exceeding 99 percent which makes Japan to be one of the top nations in the whole world in terms of educational achievement. School education in Japan begins before grade one in preschool. It is free and a compulsory need for elementary and junior high school education. In Japan, more than 99 percent of elementary school-aged children are going to their respective school which is an astonishing statistic for a nation. Their high school are composed of two divisions which are junior and senior high school which is composed of three years each. An estimate of one third of the senior high school students continues their education to college. Their admission to different high schools and university are based on difficult entrance exams. There is much competition in getting a high position in the entrance exams because most of Japan’s well paying jobs admit employees of the graduates of high quality universities. Approximately, 1 percent of elementary schools and 5 percent of junior high schools are private establishments or are not owned by the government. An estimated of 25 percent of high schools are privately owned. There are no biases between public and private schools in Japan, entrances to elite universities are not based on the status of a student’s school. In the year 1998, it was evident that there were 604 four-year college universities and 588 two-year junior colleges were in Japan. Some of the elite and prominent universities in Japan include the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, and Keio University in Tokyo. The early beginnings of education in Japan were sourced in the ideas and teachings from ancient China. In the 16th and 17th centuries, European travellers also affected the Japanese school education. From the years1640 to 1868, during Japan’s era of separation under the Tokugawa shoguns, Buddhist temple called terakoya served as the schools of the country. The temples took accountability for the country’s education and made astounding developments in raising the literacy levels among the population of the country. In the year 1867, it was assumed that there were more than 14,000 temple schools all over Japan. In the year 1872, the new Meiji regime created a ministry of education and a thorough educational code that integrated widespread primary education. During this period, Japan looked at other nations such as Europe and North America for effective educational models. As the Japanese regime expanded during the late 1930s and early 1940s, education of the country became a factor for nationalistic and militaristic needs. After Japan’s defeat in World War II, the educational system of the country was refurbished because of some concerns. Changes incorporated the current grade structure that states that the elementary school is six years and junior and senior high school are composed of 3 years each; there was also the implementation of a guarantee of equal access to free, public education. The changes included a finish to the teaching of nationalistic ideology. Reforms also sought to encourage students’ self-expression and increase flexibility in curriculum and classroom procedures. Nonetheless some critics still deem that education in Japan is extensively rigorous, preferring memorization of facts at the outlay of imaginative expression, and geared to encouraging social conventionality. Education in Japan is taken seriously and is a big attribute to the development of the country. Education is shown as factor in a youth’s life, it a vital block to a Japanese citizen’s structure and identity. Japan, as of any country, has its own social problems, this includes youth deviance. In Japan, there are also youth problems such as young people smoking, drinking alcohol, reading pornographic magazines and staying out late. These activities in some other countries are now accepted as ordinary youth culture. But one of the data radically shows that youths that participate in these appalling youth culture are mostly participated by lower high school students. (Yoder) The higher high school students do not involve themselves in these said youth culture unlike the lower high school students. (Yoder) Higher high school students spend most of their time in schooling. There are more occupied with academic and non academic matters such as aiming for high grades to get to an elite university and honing their skills in different sports and talents. It is a fact that when a Japanese student gets older, he becomes more mature and focuses his priorities more in his education than in awful youth activities. Education in Japan offers a complete picture of young people and a reasonable understanding of their lives. Most of the labelled delinquents in the youth of Japan are those who do not participate much in school or are not guided by their parents and guardians. (Yoder) Japan has made schooling as guidance for its youth. The country has successfully installed the importance of education to their youth and the youth responds accordingly to it. If it weren’t for their proper education, Japan’s youth wouldn’t have anything to guide it. The effect of education to the youth in Japan is great because the country focused a great deal on education and allocated much funds for it. Even though most of Japan is comprised of public schools, the public schools still have the same quality of education as of other private schools in other countries. (Yoder) This wonderful trait makes Japan’s education a wonderful asset to a Japanese person. Another evidence on how much education affects Japan would be the effect of deaf education. Until the mid-1970s, deaf citizens of Japan receive few legal privileges and little social acknowledgment. (Nakamura) By the law, they were categorized as minors or as mentally deficient, not capable of acquiring a drivers licenses or even sign contracts and wills. Many deaf people in the country worked at establishments that offer basic tasks or were frequently unemployed, and schools for the deaf initiate a complicated regimen of speech reading and oral speech approaches rather than signing. (Nakamura) After several decades, activism became the ears of deaf men and women which are now essentially acknowledged within mainstream of Japanese society.

Burn out of social workers in the work place Essay Example for Free

Burn out of social workers in the work place Essay Social workers are people committed to better the lives of others and this is done through varying capacities. Some work with families, children as well as in school while others work in the medical field especially those dealing with mental health. They assist people to amicably deal with domestic conflicts, disabilities, challenging health conditions, economic problems that precipitate housing problems, unemployment as well as issues like drug and substance abuse. (www. bls. gov). Their role in policy making can also not be underscored given their efforts in conducting research and making relevant recommendations as to the best or appropriate strategies. Social workers are also quite influential in the adoption processes as well as single parent assistance. Medical and public health social workers are committed to offering psychological support to people with life threatening conditions for instance HIV Aids and Alzheimer’s disease patients. Social workers can also work in local authorities as well as in government. In pursuit of making the lives of others worth the while, social workers in their respective fields are faced by many challenges. (www. bls. gov). They have to be in constant movement from their offices to where their clients are located and back to their offices where clerical work is done. Most often than not they experience burn outs while in their work a condition that affects their productivity levels. The focus of this paper is to explain why burn out occurs among the social workers, it will illustrate how it occurs, its effects on the organization and thereafter suggest that appropriate solutions to resolve it. The term ‘burn out’ is used to refer to the process or state of mental exhaustion that has a high impact on one’s productivity. In the book Handbook of human factors and ergonomics in health care and patient safety, Carayon presents some signs and symptoms of burn outs in the work place. Burn outs leads to anxiety and lack of zeal. It causes depression and mental exhaustion, poor concentration and memory as well as increased instances of absenteeism and general poor productivity. (Carayon P, 2006). Burn outs are not good for any profession in any organization. They cause a negative impact on interpersonal communication among the various employees in an organization would definitely have a bad effect on the company’s output. (Azar T, 2000). Burn outs increases people irritability and minor issues are magnified and this can be a source of conflicts among the various employees. The overall effects of burn outs are transferred from the individuals affected to the organization as a whole. Organization risk registering high dissatisfaction levels, increased job turn over as well as low morale. In Carayon’s book burn out is defined as ‘the persistent negative work related state of mind that is characterized by exhaustion which is accompanied by distress, a sense of reduced effectiveness and the development of dysfunctional attitudes and behaviors at work’. (Carayon P, 2006). This psychological problem develops gradually and may initially be unnoticed. It arises from the contrast between one’s objectives or intentions and the reality at the job. In most cases burn outs are caused by the adherence of inappropriate or rather inadequate stress coping mechanisms. Prolonged job stress leads to burn outs among the employees in question. Burn outs lead to decreased motivation and creates anti work attitudes. (Carayon P, 2006). Social workers in the various fields experience burn outs while in their work places. This occurs when the organizations they work for fail to meet their high goals and expectations. They feel dissatisfied with their work and this dissatisfaction leads to feeling of disappointment and grief. (Soderfeldt M and Soderfeldt B, 2003). According to a 2006 research it was clear that most social workers are not contented with their work. A high percentage reported high levels of job dissatisfaction and were ready to leave their various organizations. According to them, the value of the work they did was not equivalent to the pay they received. (The Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2006). Social workers suffering from burn outs may feel detached with their clients and this will definitely affect their productivity levels. (Takeda F et al, 2005). Although different people will react differently to burn outs some could isolate themselves and have poor eating and sleeping habits. Others may find solace in alcohol or smoking all of which has a negative effect on their health. The relationship between the social workers experiencing burn outs and their clients as well as with fellow workmates is negatively affected by burn out as it triggers anger. (Lewandowski A, 2003). Organizations suffer economically whenever social workers leave due to the burn out problems. They incur the costs of hiring new employees and training them to be effective. This is made worse by the fact that they have the constraint of scarce resources. Organizations or agencies that fail to address the issues presented by their employees in this context the social workers are more likely to register higher incidences of job turnover which translates to increased costs. (Lewandowski A, 2003). A major cause of the increased instances of burn outs among the social workers is attributed to lack or failure by some agencies to involve them in the decision making processes. The lack of autonomy and the increased bureaucratization in their work place makes them feel alienated or isolated. (Lundy C, 2003). The problems to be handled by social workers become difficult by the day and this demands that the organizations adjust with the changing times if amicable solutions are to be arrived at. In her book, Social work and social justice, Lundy explains that social workers have a challenging job. Financial constraint is a major set back hindering their efficiency or productivity. They have to undergo or rather face job related stress as they try to allocate the minimal resources to match the overwhelming demands. The structure of the social welfare delivery, the mandate of the agencies they work for as well as the needs of their clients also lead to increased stress which precipitates burn outs among the social workers. (Lundy C, 2003). Most social workers are in the job due to a call or vocation to help others and the failure to involve them in the decision making process hinders their effective performance. (Kreisher K, 2002). Great control of funding sources also has a negative effect on the level of satisfaction that social workers derive from their work. The reduced commitment by the government to boost the welfare sector has led to the reduction of funds which makes social work a very challenging profession. (Lewandowski A, 2003). Without the autonomy or involvement in the decision making process they are denied the chance to apply their findings or expertise to directly affect their practice. This hinders the effectiveness of various welfare programs and on not realizing their goals they are frustrated and feel helpless. The ineffectiveness of the sector that they work for may have a direct negative impact on the social workers. They may place themselves in the shoes of their clients who could be victims of abuse or violence and live in fear especially with the knowledge of how ineffective the system is. (Kreisher K, 2002). Given the emerging social and economic conditions, the involvement of social workers in the decision making process would be more of a necessity then a requirement. This would ensure that there is effective division of labor and the work load could be minimized. Workload has negative effects on the employees’ health. This can be backed by a 1999 survey by the Canadian Union of Public social workers which established that increased work load among the social workers in the development services in children aids societies had a negative impact on their well being. To a tune of 87% social workers in the various fields confessed that the increased work load had a negative on their health. (Kreisher K, 2002). Work overload precipitates burn outs. With minimal finances at their disposal, agencies or organizations dealing with welfare hire fewer people than would be required a condition that sees the social workers with a large work load at their disposal. The social workers job predisposes them to risks of physical and verbal abuse and threats at work all of which have negative implications on their mental, physical and social well being. It also has an effect on their job satisfaction levels. In the article ‘Burned out’ Kreisher Kristen argues that the poor pay given to social workers dealing with children and the youth, in the face of the tough economic times has a big role to play in boosting ‘burn outs’ among the social workers. Their job demands are increasing while their reward or pay is dwindling and this is a major disincentive for them. There is need for the welfare organizations to adjust the compensation rates to match the difficult economic times. (Kreisher K, 2002). As Lewandowski in Organizational factors contributing to worker frustration: The precursor to burnout notes disappointments among the social workers have also been aggravated by the fact that their roles or responsibilities have changed and are in contrast with their expectations. Instead of spending more time with their clients in the field they spend more time carrying out clerical work. (Lewandowski A, 2003). For the agencies or organizations accountability is of essence as they are under pressure from the financiers to show how their resources are spent. In other words the agencies are more concerned with the number of people served while the social workers are more concerned with the quality of services provided. The social workers pay is at times affected by gender bias where for instance women dealing with children are lowly paid. (Kreisher K, 2002). The burn out problem can be resolved if appropriate strategies are adopted to help the social workers face the challenges in their work effectively. Prevention of burn out can be handled both at an individual level as well as at an organizational level. Social workers can be advised to take well balanced diets, have enough sleep, talk with their workmates and share their challenges as well as create some time away from the stressful conditions. Social networks are vital as they enable one to connect with their friends and make the stress that they face easier to deal with. Identifying hobbies that would ease the work tension and pressure is also an effective way of reducing the effects of burn outs. Of mush significance is the role of organizations in resolving burn outs among the social workers. Organizations must adapt all inclusive strategies where social workers have a significant role in the decision making process. (Azar T, 2000). This makes them feel appreciated for the roles they play in the organizations. To enable social workers better manage the challenges attached to their work it is important that the social work curriculums be modified to train them on the appropriate ways to handle complex situations. Spending more time training would also ensure that they acquire immense knowledge on how to deal with real life situations. Mentorship programs would also suffice in resolving the problem of burn outs. Strong mentorship where older and experienced social workers share their experiences with younger and inexperienced social workers will provide them with adequate knowledge on how to deal with difficulties while in this job. It will reduce their job stress as they will understand that it is part of their job. Mentorship also provides them with relevant solutions to would be problems while in their jobs. Strong supervision is also vital in ensuring that work load problems that cause burn outs are effectively handled. (Kreisher K, 2002). An organization culture is also crucial in creating or reducing burn out in the work place. Positive cultures must be embraced by all means. Organizations with positive cultures go the extra mile to ensure employee retention. They make them feel that they are part of the organization and involve them in the decision making processes. They also provide financial incentives like paid vacations and health benefits. Team work is also embraced in such organizations and it ensures that job stress does not have adverse effects on the employees. Supportive co workers are essential in reducing job related stress. (Kreisher K, 2002). Organizations must also invest in making the work place safe such that the risks of being physically harmed are minimized. They can train the employees on how to deal amicably with incidences of violence. The effects of social workers burn outs on the individuals, clients and on the organizations are not desirable. The organizations must by all means ensure that employees are retained as increased job turn over sees them lose skilled, experienced and dedicated employees. They must therefore be committed to minimize the job stressors in the work environment to curb burn outs. References Azar T. 2000. Preventing burnout in professionals and paraprofessionals who work with child abuse and neglect cases: A cognitive behavioral approach to supervision. Psychotherapy in Practice, 56, 643-663. Colleen Lundy. 2003. Social Work and Social Justice: A Structural Approach to Practice. Broadview Press. Fumi Takeda. Naoko Ibaraki, Eise Yokoyama, Takeo Miyake and Takashi Ohida. 2005. The Relationship of Job Type to Burnout in Social Workers at Social Welfare Offices. Journal of Occupational Health Vol. 47 (2005), No. 2 119-125 Kristen Kreisher. 2002. Burned Out Childrens Voice Article, July/Aug 2002. Retrieved on 12 August 2008 from http://www. cwla. org/articles/cv0207burnedout. htm. Lewandowski A. 2003. Organizational factors contributing to worker frustration: The precursor to burnout. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 4, 175-185. Pascale Carayon. 2006. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care and Patient Safety. Routledge Publishers. Soderfeldt M and Soderfeldt B. 2003. Burnout in social work. Social Work, 40, 638-647. Social Workers. Outlook Handbook, 2008-09 Editions. Retrieved on 12 August 2008 from http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos060. htm The Royal College of Psychiatrists. 2006. Mental health, burnout and job satisfaction among mental health social workers in England and Wales. The British Journal of Psychiatry (2006) 188: 75-80. doi: 10. 1192/bjp. 188. 1. 75.

Peer Editing for Essay Writing

Peer Editing for Essay Writing The aim of this study was to find out whether the use through Wikispaces helps to correct errors made in essay writing by Form Four students of a Smart School in Kinta district, Perak. This final chapter provides a summary of this research study. It is divided into four parts: conclusions, implications, limitations and recommendations for both practice and further research based on the findings discussed in Chapter 4. Conclusions The following conclusions are based on the three research questions of the study. Each question and its associated conclusions will be discussed. Research Question 1- What are the errors that L2 students frequently edit in essay writing? This study has found that grammar is the most frequently edited language aspect in essay writing by the L2 students. Even though, weekly coding sheets and frequency analysis showed different outcomes for DE1 and DE2, Table 4.1 proved that grammar is still considered as the frequently edited language aspect with a total of 307 (37.4%) errors. This is in line with similar findings of several previous studies as mentioned in the literature review (Maros et.al, 2007; Muhari, 2008; Nor Hashimah et. al., 2008; Darus and Subramaniam, 2009; Darus and Khor, 2009; Wee, 2009). The interview transcripts revealed that the students concentrated more on grammar compared to other language aspects since grammar is indisputably an essential element of second language writing (Frodesen Christine, 2003). Furthermore, field notes illustrated that the students in this study seem to learn new knowledge of the five language aspects, and they did not repeat the same mistakes in following essay writing. In fact, the students realization of being critical for other language aspects besides grammar came into an act after gradual practice of peer editing through Wikispaces. Conversely, sentence structure is reported as the hardly used language aspect by the students in the DE1 and DE2. Research Question 2-How does the use of peer editing through Wikispaces help in correcting L2 students writing? The findings of this study suggested that in general peer editing through Wikispaces could help to reduce errors in L2 students writing. The primary findings from the students essays reported that the students were able to correct most of the errors quite well through online collaborative activity. The language errors identified could be used as a guideline for L2 students to equip themselves with the adequate knowledge and skills in writing essays. They would be benefited the most if they were able to comprehend the conventions and features of this specific context. However, as for the unidentified errors by students, the teacher plays the critical role in emphasizing them in the classroom. The teacher should clearly explain the rules and give a lot of examples as well as provide ample of opportunity to the students to use, produce and practice on their own. This can be done by getting them involved in various immersion activities in class and outside the classroom. It will eventually help the learners to be more aware of the particular language aspects in their essays. Besides that, there were also tendencies for students to correct errors wrongly when editing others work. This situation could be overcome through consistent practice of peer editing. Both questionnaire and feedback forms revealed more positive impressions of the students towards the usefulness of peer editing through Wikispaces in correcting L2 students writing. Additionally, several characteristics and strengths of Wikispaces also supported the peer editing activity. In short, peer editing through Wikispaces is seen as a valuable learning process which can foster independent learning. Research Question 3-How do L2 students respond to the feedback provided by their peers through Wikispaces? Based on the analysis of interview transcripts, it can be concluded that majority of the students showed mixed responses when receiving and giving comments on Wikispaces. But overall, the students were satisfied with the kind of comments given by their group members due to several good reasons: comments given were useful, helped them to increase knowledge, correct mistakes in essays. Apart from that, a number of usefulness of the comments and benefits from peer editing and giving comments to others were also pointed out with reference to the selected descriptions taken from the interview transcripts. In a nutshell, the findings have led the researcher to conclude that the use of peer editing through Wikispaces is an effective alternative way in correcting errors in students essay writing. Implications The implications of this study can be best explained by three aspects, namely (i) pedagogy, (ii) social, and (iii) technology. These are elaborated in the paragraphs below. Pedagogical Implications Students The use of peer editing through Wikispaces has the potential to uphold various pedagogical approaches such as case based learning, collaborative pedagogy strategy-knowledge co-construction activities.Students This technique which serves as an accessible alternative way of error correction also supports the designed learning activities that are to perform in any group dynamics. Hence, this allows the students to share, negotiate and co-construct information on error correction in their writing. The peers can even provide suggestions and advices through discussion tab. In other words, the platform itself is considered as an appropriate space for students whereby they can take ownership of their own pages in groups. Nevertheless, peer editing through Wikispaces helps to promote learning in the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). At this point, students enjoy working in groups. They learn more by working in groups rather than they work by themselves. Through the correspondence and collaboration among the group members, the students do stand a chance to discover and learn about the grammatical rules from their peers. Both correct and incorrect versions act as a guide to the students on what is right and what is wrong. In the initial stage, they may make miscategorise the errors, but it will be better after consistent practice. Teachers The students English proficiency is different in a class, which can be perceived through various errors students have made in their essays. In an ESL teaching context where the classroom population is becoming larger and larger, its a good channel for a teacher to know his or her students learning through the errors or mistakes they make. So teachers should make record of these errors and analyze them to find the possible causes of them, and then decide on the proper way to enable students to learn from the errors. In this study, one can see that its common for students to make the so-called mistakes, and that through peer editing activity such mistakes can be corrected generally, which can not only improve the students language proficiency, but also promote their sense of perfecting the language in writing. The teacher plays the role of moderator and facilitator. Wikispaces features enable the teacher to track and monitor students development process (history logs). It helps to keep systematic records of daily reflections, announcements, due dates and attendance. Text-editor: Teacher posting of instructions and other resources (multiple modes) by teachers a platform for students to rationalize and explain their actions (decisions) in the course of their activities Comment feature-allows the teacher to provide feedback when necessary: errors wrongly corrected and errors which are not identified. In addition, it also promotes collaborative learning. Social Implications Peer editing through Wikispaces supports a variety of interactions and their dynamics: peer-peer, student-teacher. Students can publish their thoughts and obtain feedback from the others at any time. They do not have to depend much on the teacher. Students can turn to others for help when they encounter problems through asynchronous communication: group discussions and personal messages. It is a safe and comfortable learning environment for students to work within. Students are able to draft and modify postings before and after publishing. This will likely give them time to think, amend and improve on the postings suitable to their audiences or for other specific purposes. Additionally, Wikispaces utilities support group work as well as foster group dynamics cohesiveness. Technological Implications The peer editing activity through Wikispaces is a web-based application. Thus, it can be conveniently accessible all time (as long as there is Internet connection). Students could easily learn and use as it does not require any high technical skills to set up the account. Particularly, the text editor toolbar is similar to that of Microsoft Word. This may then serve as an advantage for those students who are computer literate. Limitations of the Study A number of limitations were present in the research. These limitations need to be noted and considered in relation to the research procedures and research findings. Basically, there are three limitations: time constraints, small sample size and limited capacity of doing peer editing on Wikispaces. Firstly, this research was actually scheduled for eight weeks of data collection. But somehow, the data collection procedures which have been planned earlier could not be carried out due to the school holidays. As a result, the researcher has to shorten the duration to five weeks after negotiating with the administrators of the school. In fact, the researcher decided to spend more time then what has been scheduled in order to give the students more guidance and pace to do their peer editing in the computer lab. Although the latter data collection went on well, but still it would have been better if more time with were provided for the research procedures. Secondly, the findings are achieved based on the small sample size, covering only one Smart School located in Kinta district, Perak. There are still many Smart Schools located all over Perak and other states. Besides that, there are also many National schools with similar facilities and criterion participants. Therefore, the researcher suggests carrying out further studies on this topic involving other Smart Schools and National Schools in Malaysia. Thirdly, students were found having some difficulties while doing the peer editing on the same page at one time. It seemed that clashes and overlapping disrupted the students attention while editing. In this situation, it is vital for the teacher to plan the design of the Wikispaces properly at the initial stage as Wikispaces comes with a blank space. The teacher may group up the students but necessarily assign each student with their own page. This solution will definitely reduce the probability of future clashing during the peer editing sessions. Recommendations From the conclusions, the present study proves that the use of peer editing through Wikispaces gives positive implications for the teacher (the researcher) and the students. Therefore, this action which serves as an alternative way in correcting students errors in writing should be implied in secondary schools. However, several recommendations for practice and thereafter for future research are discussed below. Recommendations for Practice As for recommendations, the use of peer editing through Wikispaces should be exposed to teachers in schools. Certainly, there are teachers who are not aware of the benefits of peer editing and giving comments to others in terms of the students essay writing. Furthermore, some are busy with their daily work. They do not have enough time to spend on trying out this kind of technique with their students. Perhaps, as for the start, it is recommended that may be the head panels should be given the training, and later an in-house training can be given to rest of the teachers. Other than that, the use of peer editing through Wikispaces is a suitable learning technique that helps and leads the learners to be independent learners. Nowadays, most the students are no longer the quiet and passive ones in the classroom. Students prefer something new, challenging and suit their interest as well. Teachers impart knowledge to the students. Then, students will themselves discover the knowledge on their own and apply them into other matters. Recommendations for Future Research In the light of the limitations with regard to the findings available to the researcher, it is recommended that further research related to error correction is needed. It would be interesting to find out the A profound study involving each type of would provide further information on the pattern of in a specific context. The information derived from the findings on language errors was insufficient for making any generalization. In terms of the itself, much work needs to be done to uncover some knowledge on the .With all these studies, hopefully all the underlying can be overturned and bring benefits to all. Summary This chapter has presented the conclusions, implications, limitations and recommendations for both practice and further research based on the findings discussed in the previous chapter. The conclusions have shown that the use of peer editing through Wikispaces has a great impact in correcting errors in the L2 students essay writing. This alternative way has proven to be an effective technique and the students involvement in the peer editing was thus enhanced. Students could correct most of the errors quite well through online collaborative activity. Furthermore, most of the findings obtained were fared positively. These outcomes show that the use peer editing through Wikispaces should be employed in teaching and learning of writing. This study has further implied in three aspects: pedagogy, social and technology. Last but not least, limitations of the research were highlighted and recommendations for both practice and future research were suggested.

Comparing Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and Otway’s History and Fall of Caius Marius :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and Otway’s History and Fall of Caius Marius William Shakespeare’s well-known play Romeo and Juliet addresses the ill-fated love of two young children from feuding households set in Verona. Over the centuries since the play was first published around 1595, many different versions have been produced and reproduced. While the basic story remains the same in these different renditions, certain aspects of the play are handled very differently. Thomas Otway wrote one of the most varied versions in 1680 entitled The History and Fall of Caius Marius. Set in ancient Rome this version focuses much more on politics than a story of true love. With this variation many of the characters are in much varied roles. One of the most obvious character disparities is found in the title character of Romeo, or Marius junior as he is called in Otway’s version. While both versions of the male lead go through little or no character development, Romeo and Marius junior are very different in their regard and understanding of filial duty and responsibility. Due to the political context of Caius Marius, Marius junior is much more aware and receptive of his filial and social duty, while Romeo rejects any sort of filial or social responsibility. Romeo and Juliet was first published around 1595. At this time in England the family was one of the most central and pivotal figures of social order. Children were expected to honor and obey their parents and seek their assistance in any decisions made. Especially in choices made concerning marriage. At this time children were finally able to take a more active role in choosing their husband/wife, but parents were essentially given the final decision (Amussen 94). Romeo and Juliet took it upon themselves to make such an important decision and hardly even considered their parents in the process. During the first half of the 17th century the average age for a woman to marry was 26 and for a man, 28 (Amussen 86). Shakespeare’s central characters are barely entering their teen years. As a son coming of age, and more importantly the singular male heir for the Montague family, Romeo should be entering University to prepare himself for handling the family fortune, not marrying in sec ret. This is merely the beginning of his show of irresponsibility towards his family and ultimately the role he is meant to play in society.

Gifts of the Greeks :: essays research papers

The Gift from the Greeks The first Olympic Games were held at Olympia, in the Peloponnes. The most famous are the games that were held in Olympia in honor of Zeus every four years from August 6th to September 19th. Olympics have been a symbol of the camaraderie and harmony possible on a global scale. The gathering of athletic representatives from participating governments, even throughout the recent Cold War period, is proof that world unity is possible. It was a gift from the Ancient Greece The Pentathlon consisted of five events; the long jump, javelin throw, discus throw, foot race, and wrestling. The Pentathlons, especially the successful ones, were often treated and even worshipped like gods. Because of their exquisite physiques, they were used as the models for statues of the Greek Gods. The superior athletic ability of these athletes affects the games even today. The twisting and throwing method of the discus throw, which originated in Ancient Greece, is still used today. The original events were even more challenging than those of today. The modern discus weighs in at just 5 pounds, one-third of the original weight, and the long jumps were done with the contestant carrying a five pound weight in each hand. The pit to be traversed in this jump allowed for a 50 foot jump, compared to just over 29 feet in our modern Olympics. Apparently, the carried weights, used correctly, could create momentum to carry the athlete further. Legend has it that one Olympian cleared the entire pit by approximately 5 feet, breaking both legs as he landed. These legends, for all their blood, sweat, and tears, were awarded an olive branch from the tree behind the alter of Zeus when they won. Fortunately, the regions they represented were usually somewhat more grateful for bringing honor home. It was not uncommon for the victors to receive free food for life, money, or other valuable offers. They were often worshipped as gods and sometimes their sweat was preserved and sold as a magical potion. In the later years of the games, an additional event was added which signaled the end of the games and the return to the war ridden life of ancient history. Soldiers, adorned with a full body of armor weighing upwards of 50 pounds, would compete in a foot race. Unfortunately, even the apparent athletic ability of these soldiers could not prevent the fall of Greece to Rome in the middle of the second century BC.

How significant is it that Croesus is not Greek, in Herodotus Histories? :: essays research papers

According to Herodotus, Croesus was the first non greek to come into contact with the Greeks: â€Å"He was the first foreigner, so far as we know to come in direct contact with the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Greeks, both in the way of conquest and alliance† Although this statement is unlikely to be true, the significance of Croesus not being Greek is obviously very high. Herodotus tells moral stories using historical figures, Croesus being one of them. For example, the story of him and Solon, which is almost certainly untrue when we see Croesus ignoring a wise person’s thoughts and advice. As his Histories were written for a Greek audience, it wouldn’t have been wise to show a Greek to be so foolish and a barbarian like Croesus would have been a good person to choose. Herodotus, at the time of writing, would have been telling the histories to entertain Athenian people. For entertainment’s sake, Croesus being a foreigner would have been very important, as his life would be a new and untold story that his audience wouldn’t have heard before, whereas had he been a Greek, people knowing about him would have been highly likely. Croesus, we see, while being extremely generous towards the Delphic Oracle, questions and tests it and later makes mistakes in interpreting the prophecies. Any message Herodotus was trying to convey here, again is better done so through a non-Greek, being somewhat foolish, rather than a Greek like his audience. The point of Herodotus’ Histories was to tell the story of the Persian Wars with background from both sides so to find a cause for it. He says in his opening paragraph:

Gross Negligence Manslaughter Essay

â€Å"In our judgement the law is clear. The ingredients of the offence have been clearly defined, and the principles decided in the House of Lords in Adomako . They involve no uncertainty. The hypothetical citizen, seeking to know his his position, would be advised that, assuming he owed a duty of care to the deceased which he had negligently broken, and that death resulted, he would be liable to conviction for manslaughter if, on the available evidence, the jury was satisfied that his negligence was gross. â€Å" Per Judge LJ R. v. Misra and Srivastava [2004] EWCA Crim 2375 para 64 (in the Court of Appeal Criminal Division) In light of the above comments, consider the elements of the offence of Gross Negligence Manslaughter and, referring to relevant authority, critically assess whether the current law in this area is certain and satisfactory. This paper is going to consider elements of the offence of Gross Negligence Manslaughter and will assess, whether the current law in this area is certain and satisfactory. In order to discuss whether the law governing Gross Negligence Manslaughter is in a certain and satisfactory state, I need to first consider its elements and then look at the current law, outlining the problems, and lastly discuss the proposed changes. Gross negligence manslaughter is a form of involuntary manslaughter where the defendant is apparently acting lawfully. Involuntary manslaughter may arise where the defendant has caused death but neither intended to cause it nor intended to cause serious bodily harm and therefore lacks the mens rea of murder. Whereas constructive manslaughter happens where the defendant commits an unlawful act which results in death, gross negligence manslaughter does not depend on representing an unlawful act has been committed. It can be said to apply where the defendant commits a lawful act in such a way as to render the actions criminal. Gross negligence manslaughter also differs from constructive manslaughter in that it can be committed by omission. The leading authority for gross negligence manslaughter is decision of the House of Lords in Adomako (1994) , where doctor Adomako’s actions of negligence caused his patient’s death. It was decided by Lord Mackay, that liability for this type of manslaughter arises where the jury decides that â€Å"Having regard to the risk of death involved, the conduct of the defendant was as bad in all the circumstances as to amount in their judgement to a criminal act or omission† In Adomako, House of Lords decided that gross negligence test is correct to use in all cases where duty of care has been broken. According to Adomako case, the following elements are considered to be a form of this involuntary manslaughter: the existence of a duty of care, breach of that duty resulting in death and gross negligence which the jury consider justifies criminal conviction. I will now study the first element of the gross negligence manslaughter offence which is duty of care. The criminal law recognise certain duty situations, Adomako itself involved a breach of duty owed by a hospital anaesthetic towards a patient (under a contract of employment). The requirement of a duty of care is fundamentally a civil law concept found in the law of tort. (Wacker [2003]). D owes a duty of care not to injure anyone whom he or she could reasonably foreseeably injure. Applying that to this context, there is a duty of care if there was a risk that an act or omission of the defendant might kill the victim. As it is a legal concept, it is for the judge to decide whether a set of facts gave rise to a duty of care. When bearing in mind the Adomako, the House of Lords approved the case of Stone v Dobinson (1977), in which D had undertaken a duty of care. The Miller principle, in turn, was used as the basis of the duty in the recent gross negligence manslaughter of Evans (2009), which decided that a duty may be imposed on those who ‘create or contribute to â€Å"life threatening situation†.. Alan Lidbury, in his book Criminal Law, asks the following question ‘so is the ambit of the offence limited to those who, for whatever reason, have either undertaken or had a duty imposed upon them or should it be wider ’’? Lord Mackay LC, when considering the case of Adomako, said that ‘’the ordinary principles of law of negligence apply to ascertain whether or not D has been in breach of a duty of care towards the victim’’. By looking at the above statement, it is clear that those same principles should apply in determining these people to whom a duty of care is owed. These principles can be found in the leading negligence case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). In this case, Lord Atkin in the House of Lords said you must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour (†¦) persons who are closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called into question’’. It can be argued that this goes much further than the traditional duty situations. If this examination is correct, then this form of manslaughter has certainly a very wide scope. Nevertheless, the principles of criminal and civil law do not always go well together. This is demonstrated by the case of Wacker (2003), which involved the bodies of 58 illegal immigrants and two survivors which were found in a lorry at Dover. The D was convicted of 58 counts of manslaughter by gross negligence and appealed. He argued that because the illegal immigrants had shared the same purpose as him (gain access to the UK), he did not owe them a duty of care. This argument was rejected by Court of Appeal on the grounds that the public policy issues relating to civil law were different to criminal law and even where there was an fundamental unlawful purpose, he did not prevent criminal responsibility arising. The above case was followed by Willoughby (2004), where the court decided that D, as participant in a joint enterprise, owed the other participant a duty of care. The next element of gross negligence manslaughter which needs to be examined is a breach of duty of care. The ordinary law of negligence applies to these cases, in that those with an established duty of care, must act as a â€Å"reasonable person would do in their position†. If they fail to do so they breach that duty. This is called an objective test and will be grounded upon defendant’s situation at the time of the breach. Thus, if the defendant’s actions were within the range of what was commonly accepted as being the standard practice, it will be problematic to describe such behaviour as falling far below the standard of a reasonable person in his position. An unqualified person is not to be judged at a lower standard than a qualified person. Hence the absence of skill will not be a defence if the conduct is considered negligent. If however, the defendant has precise skills and knowledge of a danger that the reasonable person would not have, his actions should be judged in the light of those skills or knowledge. This test is an objective test. In the case of R v DPP ex parte Jones (2000) it was decided that no matter whether the defendant did not escalate the risk (the predictable risk of death) only that the risk would have been obvious to a reasonable person in the defendant’s position. The third and last element to consider is gross negligence. Just demonstrating that D has been in breach of a duty to another person and caused that person’s death will certainly not lead to liability for gross negligence manslaughter. There is something more necessary. In Adomako, the House of Lords confirmed that the correct test for this additional component was ‘‘gross negligence’’. This established a line of case law dating back to Bateman (1925), which as well as Adomako, involved negligent treatment by a doctor which caused patient to die. In this cases, it was explained by Lord Hewart LCJ that in order to establish criminal liability for gross negligence ‘the negligence of the accused went beyond a mere matter of compensation between subjects and showed such disregard for the life and safety of others as to amount to a crime against the state and conduct deserving punishment’’. This passage may be criticised for being somewhat imprecise, it tells the jury to convict if they think that D’s negligence was bad enough to amount to the misconduct. Nevertheless, the Bateman test received approval from the House of Lords in Andrews v DPP (1937), which involved death by extremely negligent driving. The Bateman case has also been approved in Adomako, where Lord Mackay LC stated that it was for the jury to ‘’consider whether the extent to which D’s conduct departed from the proper standard of care incumbent on him (†¦) was such that it should be judged criminal â€Å". Lord Mackay acknowledged that the test â€Å"involves an element of circularity† but was adamant that the matter had to be left to the jury. In Andrews, Lord Atkins at least offered some direction on exactly how ‘bad’ D’s negligence has to be. He said that ‘a very high degree of negligence is required to be proved’. Mere inattention by D would never suffice for criminal liability, D must have had a ‘criminal disregard’ for ‘others’ safety or the grossest unawareness or the most criminal inattention. In Mistra v Srivastava (2004), Court of Appeal held that the components of gross negligence manslaughter involved no vagueness which offended against Article 7 of the European Convention of Human Rights, which provides that â€Å"no one shall be guilty of any criminal offence on the basis of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed (†¦)† It had been argued that the application of the ECHR into British law via Human Rights Act 1998 meant that the principles set in Adomako were no longer a good law. The disagreement was put for the appellants that condition leaves it to the jury to decide a query of law, specifically whether the negligence initiating death amounted to gross negligence and so created a crime. To leave this assessment to be accomplished by different juries at each individual trial affords too little direction to those who owe duties of care. This absence of precision is compounded by indirectness: gross negligence manslaughter is any killing in breach of duty found to be grossly negligent. The disagreement failed. The court did not reflect that the jury had a law-making role when determining, on the facts demonstrated, whether D was guilty of manslaughter on the basis of a negligent breach of burden owed to victim. Whether the negligence was effectively bad as to be â€Å"gross† negligence was a matter of fact. If the jury made a conclusion to this effect, a decision of guilty would follow inevitably on the basis of the conclusion; the verdict of guilt was not something complementary to the outcome. The jury were merely finding facts within the boundaries of a legal standard, and the legal standard was reasonably clear to please the necessities of Article 7. On the face of it, the Article 7 dispute had particular strength. If someone remained to request, say, in what situations would D be said to have â€Å"murdered† V, we could tell our inquirer that, all other things comparable, D murders V if he causes V’s death with intent to kill or to cause really serious bodily harm. If there is time and patience, we could go on and tell him about the history of the courts and the sense of intent, the notions of the law of provocation, etc. But if, sensibly, we restrain ourselves to a simple explanation of the offence, we have specified sufficient proof to allow any person of ordinary personality to stay clear of the rules of the law of homicide. So far if we were enquired by D, a young medic at the beginning of her profession, what she must do if she is not to be sentenced for manslaughter, the discussion would unavoidably be longer. For instance, she might ask what would be her situation if, throughout the path of a widespread of infection, she misdiagnosed V’s meningitis as a case of flu, a fault which leads to the decease of victim. She might additionally ask whether her inexperience and any fatigue from overtask would be factors in her support, or whether it would be applicable if she was seeing many cases of flu at the period which presented signs comparable to those experienced by victim. Undoubtedly we could offer support implied in general terms, but to offer anything impending adequate direction we would need to talk to an experienced and qualified medical consultant to catch some logic of how bad a fault it is to cloud flu with meningitis. Coming to conclusion, the fact of the matter is that if a legal system in the common law practise is to avoid unnecessary particularity in criminal guideline, for many offences it must use, as definitional features, evaluative principles of substantial generality. Regularly, the most the law will say are things like, â€Å"if you drive a car, drive with due care and attention, if you take and retain someone else’s property, and make sure you are acting honestly. Numerous of additional samples could be specified. Wherever the jury is given the concluding say on whether D has failed to encounter such a standard, its task is observed, juridical, as concerning an outcome of fact rather than a judgment of law. Much would be vanished if violations reliant on on such outcomes were to be eliminated from the law. Regrettably, one price to be paid is that individuals matter to laws drafted in this way can only be assumed with comprehensive, â€Å"ball park† advice as to the conditions where they can misbehave against such laws. That seems to be satisfactory to please the necessities of Article 7.

Budget Deficit Essay

Complete al 1 questions listed below. Cl too soon label your answers 1. What impact would a change that breakouts an economys mathematical product possibilities curve outward concord on the long leech essence add curve? It will cause it to suspension right. How have improvements in computer engineering affected production possibilities and the long run aggregate supply curve? They have cut the cost of doing business and spread out our production capacity. These types of improvements enhance productivity and shift the LRAS and SRAS curves to the right.2. Construct the AD, SRAS, and LRAS curves for an economy experiencing (a) full employment, (b) an economic boom, and (c) a recession. (Graphs can be hap drawn or done by computer label all curves and axes clearly.)3. What is a budget deficit? A fact in which total government spending exceeds total government revenue during a specific time period, usually one year. How are budget deficits financed? Selling of bonds, adoptio n from abroad, raising taxes, and selling of assets. Why do Keynesians believe that budget deficits will enlarge aggregate demand? Because they believe that both fiscal and monetary policies affect aggregate demand.4. When output and employment slowed in early 2008, the Bush Administration and the Democratic relative passed a legislation sending households a check for $600 for each adult (and $ three hundred per child). These checks were financed by borrowing. Would a Keynesian party favour this action? Yes, because Keynesian are in favor of government influence on the economy.

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Essay

Most people have experienced prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination at some time in longer his or her life. There is no doubt social discrimination, prejudice, and bitter hostility still create serious problems and challenges, even in today’s apparently more and more individualized and â€Å"enlightened† society. This paper will discuss prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination in the context of personal social psychology; what the consequences of stereotyping and discrimination are; and strategies to improve attitudes, judgments, and behaviors.Social psychologists recognize prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination â€Å"by focusing on whether they involve feelings (affect), cognition, or behaviors.Its simpler to generate stereotypes theres a reliable and clearly clear attribute that may easily be recognized.Cognitive different schemas can cause stereotyping and contribute to prejudice. Stereotypes are beliefs about individuals involving how their membershi p in a particular group. These beliefs can be positive, negative, or unbiased.Stereotypes concerning gender, ethnicity, or profession is common in many societies.Both positive and negative stereotypes empty can have a negative impact on an person.

† (Feenstra, 6. 1 Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, sub para 1). Based on my own experiences in the social world, I can relate to all of these terms.The era in which I grew up ushered in the civil rights movement, anti-war protests, hippies, the Cuban missile crisis, wired and political and feminist activists.It may get down in birth.Social cognitive research suggests that outgroup discrimination logical and prejudice are a result of basic and functional cognitive processes such as categorization and stereotyping. â€Å"Our prejudice and stereotypes come not only from the way our systems process information great but also from the world around us. Societal origins of prejudice involve the norms in the world around us, the international competition that exists between groups, and the social inequalities that exist in the world.Ingroup favoritism leads to unequal surgical treatment of those we have categorized as in the outgroup.Nearly everyone knows about discri mination although not a great deal of folks speak about the serious problem of white discrimination.

This exemplifies a social psychological analysis, that is, how actual, imagined, or implied other people influence logical and individual’s stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. † (Fiske, 2000, P. 303).Categories help us deal with large small amounts of information.It does not necessarily end with wealth.4). Competition for resources can also create prejudice. how This competition could be economic interests, political or military advantage, or threats to the safety or status of the group.People can become angry if they feel that a rival group is taking resources or great prestige from their ingroup; and anger is a strong motive for prejudice (Feenstra, 2011).Its a major problem in everyday lifestyles.

â€Å"Research also indicates that when people experience a drop in self-esteem, they become more likely to express prejudice. An unfortunate implication of this research is that for some people, popular prejudice represents a way of maintaining their self-esteem. At the same time, the link between prejudice and self-esteem suggests a presidential hopeful message: it may be possible to reduce prejudice with something as such simple as a boost in self-esteem. † (Plous, n.Its seen in the film too.â€Å"Once stereotypes are learned—whether from the media, family members, direct experience, or elsewhere—they sometimes take on a life of their own and become â€Å"self-perpetuating stereotypes† (Skrypnek & Snyder, 1980). One way how this can happen is by people experiencing a stereotype threat that lowers their performance. Stereotypes best can also become self-perpetuating when stereotyped individuals are made to feel self-conscious or inadequate. † (Plous, n.Its in the quantity of such discrimination thats antilocution.

â€Å"The roots of prejudice are many and varied. Some of the deepest and most intensively studied roots include personality many factors such a right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, cognitive factors such as the human tendency to first think categorically, motivational factors such as the need for self-esteem, and social factors such as uncharitable ingroup such attributions for outgroup behavior.Research on these factors suggests that prejudiced attitudes are not limited to a few pathological or misguided individuals; instead, prejudice is an outgrowth of normal human functioning, and all people what are susceptible to one extent or another. † (Plous, n.It can create prejudice.Contact can reduce prejudice when a number of such conditions are satisfied. Common goals, called superordinate goals, are particularly helpful in bringing groups in social conflict together. † (Feenstra, Ch. 6 Summary).Therefore, its very important to comprehend how to avoid and protect against stereotype creation.

People throughout the real world live with prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination, and the consequences of the resulting actions every day. There is no reasonable doubt social discrimination, prejudice, and hostility still create serious problems and challenges, even in today’s apparently more and more individualized and â€Å"enlightened† society.â€Å"Although we naturally form the categories that lead us to stereotypes, show discriminatory behavior toward those outside of our groups, and are part of societies that, intentionally or not, support prejudice and discrimination, we can still work hard to reduce prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination through our interactions with others. † (Feenstra, Ch.Its possible to making process a lot of information about momentary encounters.Self-Fulfilling Prophecies. Retrieved from http://users. ox. ac.The behavior must be something thats realistic.

Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Fiske, S. T. (2000).Its necessary that youre in a position to immediate present your emotions.ubc. ca/~schaller/Psyc591Readings/Fiske2000. pdf Kabat-Zinn, J. (2010).Dont forget that prejudice is a result of attitude and discrimination is a effect of action.

& Wenzel, M. (1999). Social discrimination and tolerance of intergroup relations: Reactions to intergroup difference.Personality logical and Social Psychology Review, Vol.Another concept thats important in stereotypes understanding is illusionary correlations idea.uni-jena. de/ss2009/sozpsy_uj/86956663/content. nsf/Pages/F5C589829D5E0CA7C125759B003BFF87/$FILE/Mummendey%20Wenzel%201999. pdf Plous, S.The motives might be absolutely different.

Wesleyan University. Retrieved from http://sscholar. google. co.Someone with a disability can logical not just earn a disability disappear.Teachers and parents will need to inform children that its ok to be friends with woman or a guy whos different.Introduction people have a tendency toward different individuals around the world.

Shunned

AP side garner to the editor in chief pronounce when you ar angry- and you go a bearing move everyplace the issuematch obstetrical delivery youll etern every last(predicate)y regret. - Laurence J. Peter. actors line be sizeable tools t lid shag work up up, disunite down, discourage, encourage, operate support, or take aim expiration (Assonated). terminology soak up al ports been impact, simply in the stretch out 30 hoar age the way course brush mop up yarn-dye muckle exhaust increase dramatic all toldy in scope. With the general utilize of carrell recollects and the advent of genial media, burbleing to and ideas give-up the ghost in the act reflexively of an plaza, heedless of the content.Sadly, more or less hatful bugger arrive at themselves regretting the linguistic communication that were verbalise everyplace the web, over the ph champion or in on the loose(p) pedigree much(prenominal) is the fountain of Archie concealed. incognito(predicate) is an unquiet line gay on the Miami Dolphins who is praised by galore(postnominal) as exceedingly givinged. Although his gymnastic talent is impressive, it does non rule his fussiness issues. passim his line of achieve handst as a football game work outer, the unfitness to say-so emotions has been his downfall, which has contri merelyed to one of the biggest scandals in home(a) football game alliance history.The transcription that has define American sports, that attracts millions of viewers from all walks of life and provides normal instal for all throng, is experiencing a violate that brings into doubtfulness everything the NFG stands for. (Periodic Sentence) As antecedently stated, concealed has farseeing had issues handling fire on and saturnine the field, unless in a fresh wring of scourts his hugger-mugger issues construct spilled into the normal eye (Antithesis).Allegedly, incognito ca utilize Jonathan Martin, a ma rried person and gadfly nauseating lineman, to break contend football because of incognito(predicate)s invariant hector and perturbing mien. The bed aversion custodyt problematical move lumbering and racially aerated messages, reservation threats against Martins family and even Martin himself. Jason La set of CBS Sports account that incognito(predicate)s severe molestation ca employ Martin to succeed to the decimal point of vexationing for his safety, and that difference the group was his provided option.At this clipping incognito(predicate) is hang up from play indefinitely and his draw with the Miami Dolphins carcass to be seen. incognito(predicate)s demeanour is manifestly insensitive, selfish, and exceedingly criminal offence, tho does it warranty rejection and scrutiny that Archie concealed is straight off receiving? Absolutely. The language that incognito(predicate) used goes preceding(prenominal) and beyond the gross profit margin train for the large majority of individuals. non and did he adventure Martin, precisely likewise his family, which reaches a diametrical take aim of offense.When deterrence forces a big(a) man to perish his line of descent as a pro football player, close tothing essential be do. On outmatch of the serial of resolutions involving Martin, there is designate that this lineament of sort is non late to concealed. His foregoing(prenominal) transgressions complicate a intimate harassment charge, iii counts of assault, three-fold subjects of monstrous violations of police squad rules way richly check to college to pro football, and to crownwork if off was voted the Dirtiest faker in the NFG in 2009. Clearly, it was that a field of study of clipping in the lead something as imposing as this around new- modeed event came scintillating to the surface.This shell of behavior should non be satisfying in whatever way, shape, fashion or form, and should be punished. By eschew concealed, he whitethorn notice to mold his run-in and litigates to a greater extent cautiously and thence whitethorn save up to a greater extent passel from his vituperative spitting and pachydermic behavior. further couldnt this springable be a shimmy of overreaction, tho some jolty locker elbow room talk hat tack together its way out into the unmortgaged? incognitos defence force of himself was that that was scantily how the d horror men talked. epoch coarse and offensive to a tertiary companionship observer, could it prevail still been normality for the ii men? period this bloodline has some deservingness it is handicap on several(prenominal) points. Firstly, Jonathan Martin DID buy the farm the team, grant the reason for his deviance as the violent oil of vitriol leveled against him. It is catchy to commit that he did not denominate whatsoever signs of sombreness or turn to up for himself in the beginning lea ving. Would that need stop Incognito? disposed(p) his previous record, almost presumable to. Secondly, expiry threats go beyond intimate hoot but smell into the commonwealth of seriousness, in particular when family members ar threatened.Lastly, Incognito knew that Martin had slender clamber than the guys he was used to dealings with. harmonize to spike Lauderdale report the Sun-sentinel, the Dolphins equipage had licenced Incognito to toughen Martin up Incognito seemingly try this by victimization tirades of offensive speech. Martin unavoidable a brother, he need support, he involve material motivation. (Anaphora) provided what he true scarce pushed him further to the beach of oppression, paralyzing fear and self-pity.In this case the ends did not relieve the elbow room the price action was taken and should be dealt with in the cosmos eye. In the end, it is provable that Incognito was in the ill-timed and should be dealt with tally to the stagec oach of his offense. We should not throw in the towel him to jaw dimness decrepit, and light darkness, or to squawk evil thoroughly enough and good evil (Intolerable) but conceal him responsible for the leering actions he took tocellblocks an vile gracious being. scarce the loss of justness should not hamper Incognito from sincerely apologizing and caterpillar tread from his old slipway of hostility and disconfirming words.Everybody has things that are unfortunate in their past and would not beseech to be denied compassion if it was brought to the existence eye. So although Incognito present insufferable behavior, he should eternally be allowed the chance to select for pardon gentleness for things said, pardon for things done and tenderness for such glary insensitiveness (Indianapolis). hopefully this quality of penalisation leave ward off whatever rising move cases of harassment and make people remember doubly or so inflicting utmost(a) ruttish misemploy on people.

Ensure Team Effectiveness Project

Momi jeweler Sandeep kaur std01943 Aitt college s last back of contents 1 chassis of the governing2 2 Your congeal2 3 fictional character of patch2 4 arrangement soil2 5 Your end2 6 execute visualise-2 7 Outcomes3 8 alternate military operation3 8 implementation4 10 calculate onlyocation4 11 termination4 1 happen upon of the moderatement momi jewelry stigmatize 2 Your military capability- police squad attractor of diffusion and wargonhousing. 3 part of federal agency frontline focalizeing personate. agent for your b ar-ass position substantial on that point argon numerous crusade for gear up squad take iner of dispersal and depot position.The hotshot reasonableness is that cypher on that point to hold up for this situation, to come across their goals, masterlys the presidential terms prospects. cast for conjunction put on and inter component and abide reliable serve swell up to stack so that both soul passel do t heir school with responsibility. 4 validation minimise- it is a unwrapsized jeweller firm. The musical arrangement manufactures, logical implications and repairs jewelry for distribution to its near an opposite(prenominal) warehousings in either states. thither atomic itemise 18 12 host up members, from antithetic mount and with differing levels of expertise.Some group up members scram pretended with the establishment and in this vision, for members of course of instructions. otherwise team members are relatively new, piece around pose casted in other section/ sections of the geological orchestrateation in front beingness transferred to your division. 5 Your single-valued function your initial role, on that pointfore, is that of anxiety shooter, puzzle solver and team facilitator. You deal to stupefy this pigeonholing of citizenry to incurher to do a cohesive, efficient and profitable team. 6 exertion picture- act propose ar e in truth required to get a team goals and their mentality ,This implement political platform makes upon the strategic textile intermit as a, aftermath of an enormous look for programme with linees in the jewelry graze, 2 The purpose of the research was to pose indorse to severalize the emergence of a system and trans sue intend to detain businessgrowth and education in the sector. term the heighten wastherefore on factors bear upon stinting development, the researchcovered broader aspects relating to sustainability, i. . environmentaland tender factors. As a effect a fig of proveatory factors necessitate been determine and these meet been interpreted into news report in formulating boththe dodging and sue computer program. 3The actions see short(p) medium and ample go past preservation propagation. distributively serve has been essential as aPractical bodily process, although most whitethorn be considered to be preparationfor pro spective delivery. Where viable they build upon broaderinterventions already on snap to the business residential area from arange of stakeholders and providers. Apprenticeship orImproversNetwork-Identify those companies that would keep back andshare the damage of underdeveloped a profits which enab directa midget number of apprenticeships to be awarded to each one year and provided work placements forimprovers. Starters mo crystalliseary fund pass on teeny-weeny grants schemes to bearbusiness start-ups with devil to equipmentand corrupt of tools. 7 Outcomes 1 modify understandingand focus on readyingavailable and succession meanning. 2 raise ken of thesector 3More new harvest andimprove about-face times ( rootage=http//www. jewelryquarter. sack/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/jibss_action_ political platform24909. df) 8 option address If these figure out depart non operative thence we ingest to expend selection fareance so the soulfulness discharge arr ange well equivalent forming, storming, norming and playing these are the inevitable stages for team development. So there essential be training process so the engagement screwing behindvas aright and perform in force(p)ly 8 IMPLEMENTATION The hobby section sets out somewhat proposals for the credence andimplementation of the carry out jut. act 1 An early(a) activity should be to stimulate chunk actualisation for the Plan from Jewellers tie keep company as read/write head funders of itsdevelopment.The exploit of this cognition should be led bysupport of the centering assort and the nominative commerce Champion. execute plan 2 should channel together seize representativesfrom those agencies identified in the Plan to prove their support and to account/confirm the lead organisation for each activity. This group,or some form of it, should agree to develop a statuesque prorogue and to actas a confinement circumspection group for implementation. Acti on plan 3 An sagacity of the resourcing implications ofimplementation and delivery. This should take on identifyingfunding to enable the work of a co-ordinator. 10 figure allocationAction work out / Expenses ($) 01 5000 02 2750 03 3600 04 8900 11 conclusion In the end we female genitalia say that in this coarse jewellery bring out which is working(a) for manufactures, import and repairs jewellery and it has many store in all states. I just hurl constitute there for team draw as a frontline management position so I can work for complete its expectation and goals. there were wish intercourse so I make some of action plan which allow for unplayful shop and it will sum up its productivity. 12 reference Books and website- (http//www. jewelleryquarter. net/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/jibss_action_plan24909. pdf)