Internet Jurisdiction Essay

In his article, Wolf (1999) explained how jurisdiction may be acquired through over persons who operate and use internet websites. By applying the rules enumerated in Wolf’s article to a popular bit torrent search engine based in Sweden called â€Å"thepiratebay. org†, we see that no jurisdiction may be acquired over the users or the operators of the website because 1) there is a minimal level of interactivity among the users; 2) the users and operators of the website do not engage in commercial activities; and 3) the website does not provide contact details that would allow future business transactions to take place. Personal jurisdiction is an issue because it allows the court to prosecute any criminal activity that occurs because of the use of the website. It also allows the court to impose civil liabilities on any user operator who might have caused damage to a resident of place where the court exercises jurisdiction. In ordinary procedure, personal jurisdiction is acquired by either the arrest of the culprit in criminal cases or the service of summons on the defendant in civil cases. In special cases where culprits are not residents of the forum state, the court would have to use this long-arm jurisdiction in order to punish those responsible for the illegal activity. The interactive-passive use test states that courts have to look into the nature of the transactions made by the users of the website. If the website allows users to have a â€Å"two-way online communication which fosters an ongoing business relationship†, the court may acquire personal jurisdiction over the operators of the website. However, is the website merely provides information without any other interaction, the court may not exercise jurisdiction. The key question to be asked would be: is the website operator doing business in the forum state? If yes, then the court has jurisdiction over the operator. Based on his analysis of Cybersell, Inc. v. Cybersell, Inc. , 130 F. 3d 414 (9th Cir. 1997), Wolf mentions that mere advertising is not enough to give the court jurisdiction over the operators of the website. It has to be shown that the operators â€Å"actually sold their products in the forum state†. Once again, we see that actual business must be performed before the court can claim jurisdiction over the website operator. This is because it is only the act of engaging in actual business where the website operator is deemed to purposely avail of or submit himself to the jurisdiction of the forum state.

Competition Freaks Essay

According to Dr. Phil, Everybody likes to be a winner, but some people are â€Å"competition freaks† who have to be first, be the best or win at everything they do. This overly competitive nature oftentimes causes tension in their personal relationships. â€Å"Love and competition are oil and water, they do not mix,† Dr. Phil warns. He offers the following advice for competitive people who want to overcome their need to compete, and learn to relax and enjoy what they have. Being competitive in our academic, working and personal lives can be good for achieving success and moving into the ranks of glory and glamour. Competitive attitudes can help you to feel energized, able to take on challenging tasks and ready to achieve many things in life. However, competitive behavior that is not considerate of your well-being or well balanced in its application can take its toll, leading to self destruction and perhaps ostracizing the very people you care about the most. REFERENCE: http://www.drphil.com/articles/article/510 http://www.wikihow.com/Be-Competitive-in-a-Non-Destructive-Way 1. SELFISHNESS B. EFFECTS OF COMPETING 1. NEGATIVE EFFECT 1.1 SELF- HATRED Another risk of burying our competitive feelings is that we may turn them around and use them to feel bad about ourselves. A straightforward competitive thought like, â€Å"I hate that he is so smart and always says the right thing,† may turn into an attack toward our selves like, â€Å"You are so stupid. You never know what to say. He is so much more engaging than you.†Ã‚  When we turn against our competitive feelings, we turn against ourselves. We feel ashamed of who we are and what we want. Instead of seeking to emulate the people we admire, we simply tear ourselves down in relation to them. With so many negative manifestations of suppressing our direct competitive feelings, how can we face them more honestly and make sure to use them in healthy ways? First of all, we have to remember that feeling competitive is not about letting these emotions take over or ruminating in negative thoughts. It’s about accepting our naturally occurring competitive responses, feeling them fully and moving on. We can accept that we have these feelings a lot of the time. We can even have fun with them, letting ourselves have the nastiest thought possible, then letting that thought go. Doing this as an exercise can feel clean, healthy and even refreshing. As illustrated by the above examples, when we suppress our competitive feelings, they have a way of seeping into and influencing our behavior. Yet, each time we acknowledge that we have these thoughts, we can consciously choose how we want to act. We can be much more proactive in becoming the best version of ourselves, both accepting ourselves and evolving, as the motivated (and competitive) individuals that we inherently are. 1.2 JEALOUSY/BEING ENVY Competitive feelings can be full of jealousy. Allowing ourselves to have competitive thoughts will not leave us falling victim to unstoppable fits of envy or suspicion. When we hold back our healthy and natural competitive feelings, we strengthen the negative parts of those feelings –jealousy included. Instead of building a case against someone, we can face the reality of our feelings and adopt a healthier attitude. For example, a guy I know recently revealed to me a thought process he went through at a party with his girlfriend. He noticed that she was happily chatting with other people, including a few men throughout the night. At first he thought, â€Å"She is totally flirting with my friend. Why does she light up around him? Is she more into him than me? I should just dump her before she makes a fool out of me.† At a certain point, he realized that what he was really feeling was competitive. He wanted her to respond to him the way she was responding to other people at the party. His thinking quickly changed to, â€Å"I love when she is fun like this. I want to share that with her.† Instead of listening to  the voice in his head that told him to pull away and act cold to her, he joined her and engaged in joking around with her. By being lighthearted and fun himself, she was naturally drawn to him, and they were both able to feel closer and happier with each other. If he’d acted on his jealous insecurities, rather than admitting he felt competitive, he would have achieved just the opposite. 1.3 SELF-DENIAL One of the worst results of denying our competitive feelings is that it can cause us to reject what we really want in life. Because feelings of desire or jealousy make us uncomfortable, we may pretend that we don’t want whatever we once longed for anymore. If someone we had a crush on goes out with someone else or if a job we interviewed for falls through, we can easily turn against ourselves and become self-denying. Instead of thinking, â€Å"I really wanted that, and I’m furious that I didn’t get it,† we might think, â€Å"I don’t even care. I never really wanted that. I’m not going to put myself out there to embarrass myself again.† When we engage in this pattern, we become increasingly passive. Rather than going after what we desire, we avoid it, all in the interest of denying our â€Å"unacceptable† competitive feelings. REFERENCE: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/compassion-matters/201309/the-benefits-feeling-competitive 2. POSSITIVE EFFECT 2.1 MAKES YOU PERSEVERE When you look at someone ahead of you and you do whatever it takes to catch up to them†¦that is the essence of perseverance. You don’t give up until you are at the top. Without competition, we would have no reason to persevere. We wouldn’t know our limits and how far we can stretch them. The rewards of perseverance are priceless and to experience such rewards, you need a reason, and competition is that reason. 2.2 HELPS ASSESS YOUR STRENGHTS AND WEAKNESSES Following up from my previous point, what you do notice is what you are doing right and what you are doing wrong. With competition, you have a way to measure how well or how poorly you are doing. Knowing what you are good at and what you are not is extremely important, because success is all about accentuating your strengths and hiding your weaknesses. How well you accomplish this determines how far you go. REFERENCE: http://www.ineedmotivation.com/blog/2008/05/7-positives-of-competition/

Global Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Communication - Essay Example 2.1 Validation of Geert Hofstede’s broad classification is the main purpose of this report, and interviews were conducted to collect specific data that either supports or rejects his research work and to draw appropriate conclusions. 2.2 Two Indian and one American students have been selected for this project since their cultural background is significantly different from my native Kazakhstan as well as that which obtains in England, the place of my studies and where I am already exposed to the local culture. Further, India was under the influence of England for nearly two centuries and this opportunity will help to understand if it left a lasting influence on the culture of Indians. 2.4 Keeping in mind the four broad cultural classifications formulated by Geert Hofstede, the questions have been framed. These broad classifications are summed up as follows (Geert Hofstede, cyborlink, 2008): 2.4.3 Masculinity (MAS): High and low masculinity. Aggressive attitudes and high belief in one’s abilities characterise male behaviour in a society with high MAS, while females tend to believe more in destiny, religion and belief in the traditional wisdom. 2.4.4 Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI): High or low UAI, denoting the level of tolerance to unstructured situations, ambiguity and uncertainties. Low denotes higher tolerance for variety of opinions, less rule-oriented and greater risk taking appetite. 2.5 For each of the Hofstede dimensions as briefly noted above, three main questions have been framed and the three students were interviewed with the same set of questions in order to eliminate any bias on my part in conducting the research work. These questions are designed to draw out not only broad opinions but also individual preferences since culture is a common denominator of individual behaviours only. The PDI examines the individual in the broader

Phase 1 Discussion Board Schedule and Cost Control Techniques Essay

Phase 1 Discussion Board Schedule and Cost Control Techniques - Essay Example After this survey we have to analyze the gathered data from the survey. This analysis sub phase provides all required information for our project seclude and cost estimation. After this analysis sub phase next comes the design sub phase of the project in which we have to design all events and process that are necessary for the completion of this project. In this phase we also demine expected expenditure, estimate time required, and main events of the up gradation project. Then next phase is Executing Phase. Here we hire a software development team for the implementation of this new upgraded email system, now our project team completes the work related to all aspects of this up-gradation. Here an impotent phase is controlling phase that will run in a parallel way with all other phases. In this phase we control the time, cost, manpower required, resources needed and all things that are associated with is project. We analyze all the ways like project is running on time, is any module required additional time, then managing time in such a way that additional time is not required. Cost and expenditure monitoring is done in such a way that no extra resources will be needed along the way. Then the last and final phase would be Closing Phase: here we have to ensure that the project work is complete successfully, we have to confirm and verify that the deliverables and then completed out the project finances, panel reports, and lessons learned are all documented and analyzed that all thing are well and new email system is working properly. Cost estimation is one of main and difficult part of any project (Chamoun, 2006). All project depends on this estimation, if this estimation goes wrong then lot of complexities might occur during the project. So in our Email Up-gradation project we have to estimate the cost in such a way that no complicity can happen, and project can be completed successfully. As a project manger it is my

Chinese biography book review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chinese biography book review - Essay Example In fact, they claim that Mao’s motivation since he was a young boy was power, and this led to the murder and arrest of most of his political opponents; whether they were his friends or not. They contend that Stalin’s patronage in the 20s and 30s was responsible for his ascent to the Communist Party’s chairmanship, while the Long March and the decisions he took at the time were not heroic as has been stated by many Chinese scholars. The authors wrote the book to debunk Mao’s mythical status as the Chinese government’s emblem that remains the same to the present day. According to the authors, those areas that were controlled by the Communists in the Civil War were financed by the sale of Opium, which allowed the Communists to rule by terror (Chang & Halliday 156). Sacrificing over five thousand soldiers to rid the party of his enemies and rivals, they claim that Mao was not even responsible for the initial plan to fight off invaders from Japan. His we althy background ensured that he had no concern for Chinese peasants, which they support by detailing his determination to make the Great Leap Forward successful, leading to the death of millions of Chinese from famine. Mao’s role in the revolution and the Long March was also exaggerated, tweaked throughout years of rule by the Communist Party to make him the leader of the revolution. The autobiography authors claim that he only commanded a small force and was almost left behind, majority of those who marched alongside him disliked him, and came up with flawed strategy and tactics. Mao, along with other elite Communist leaders, is also accused of being privileged and protected from the hardships that his subordinates were going through. Contrary to mythology surrounding the revolution, the biography contends the Luding Bridge Battle was a fabrication and that the heroic crossing was complex propaganda. According to the book, a witness named Li contended that the bridge was ne ver set on fire, nor was there any fighting on the bridge (Chang & Halliday 160). Using battle plans from the Kuomintang, the authors show that those forces on the bridge guarding it were pulled back prior to the attack by the Communists. One major allegation the authors make in the biography is that Mao was in support of opium production and its trade in those areas that the Communists controlled. The trade, according to some sources from Russian archives, generated some $100 million every year for Mao and the Communists (Chang & Halliday 165). The only reason that the production was stopped was because they overproduced the opium, which had a negative impact on the price, rather than the commonly held belief that Mao stopped it due to its immoral nature. They also allege that Mao put those under his command through torture in order to rid the party of those against him. For example, Zhang Guotao was sent into the Gobi desert with a platoon of soldiers on a mission that was hopeles s, following which all survivors were ordered killed due to ineptitude. Other ways he used to get rid of his opponents included general purges and cultural revolutions. In comparison to Chinese official information, the authors disclaim the fact that the Communists under Chairman Mao waged guerilla warfare on the Japanese. Instead, they claim that Mao’s main concern was saving his troops to take on the

Strategic Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic Management - Assignment Example 4.3 billion (Argos website, n.d.). In order to achieve this result the company has employed about 33,000 people across the business (Argos website, n.d.). While the company has not presented its mission as a separately identified statement, its strategic vision and mission could be derived from the information given on the website; it follows that: â€Å"we are extending our product range to help you make more responsible choices, conserve resources and save money† (Argos website, n.d.). Additionally, the company is concerned about the environmental issues and is striving to run the business in a sustainable way. Therefore, it is possible to say the main organization’s purpose is based on three key organizational values, which include not only supply of the customer with an extensive assortment but also conserving of the buyer’s resources and saving their money in sustainable way (Argos website, n.d.). While reviewing the official information presented at the Arg os’ and Home Retail Group’s website, it is possible to summarize the key strategic issues and objectives which the company faces. These include (Home Retail Group, n.d.). Leadership in multi-channel retailing The company’s strategy is based on the idea of becoming the market leader in multi-channel retailing and maintaining of this status (Home Retail Group, n.d.). In order to achieve these heights, Argos, being a part of the Home Retail Group is working under the development of highly successful mobile and internet channels to reach its customers and meet their demand (Home Retail Group, n.d.). In future, the company’s management is planning to introduce such developments as: mobile apps for the iPad and Android, and TV shopping channel apps (Home Retail Group, n.d.). However, an integral part of the Argos strategic model is continuous investment in its stores (Home Retail Group, n.d.). Differentiated and market leading formats The company strives to dif ferentiate its form from other retailers. In order to achieve this goal, Argo refreshes its brand and refurbishes its stores (Home Retail Group, n.d.). Product ranges and related services Expansion of the product range enables the company to grow its market share and to drive the leadership in its core markets (Home Retail Group, n.d.). Therefore, Argos is keen on the development of the ways of choice expansion. Delivering value to the customer As a part of its strategy, Argos is aimed at maintenance of highly competitive price position by comparing the price levels, organizing regular promotions to attract more consumers, and designed (and continues to work on) sourcing opportunities through direct sourcing and importing (Home Retail Group, n.d.). By introducing special lines, as â€Å"WOW† and â€Å"Argos Value†, Argos continues to deliver the best value to the customer. Leveraging scale and infrastructure Efficient cost base The Company seeks the opportunities of bo th cost reduction and business flexibility (Home Retail Group, n.d.). Financial strength Financial strength of the company is the vital characteristics which is necessary for the further growth and development of business. Thus, for example, the company plans to open about 20 stores during this financial year (Argos

Peer response Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Peer response - Article Example In terms of concerns regarding sampling, the plan to obtain a representative sample through securing a list of students in remedial classes is deemed to be an appropriate mode. Soliciting these students’ approval to participate in the study is another issue that needs a good technique. Your suggestion to send email message to these students is an alternative. However, one suggests that you could directly endorse request letters to these students while in their traditional class settings. Of course, you have to request approval from the instructors, as well as from the academic authorities prior to solicitation of approval for participation. Thus, through a quick survey-questionnaire, these same students could respond immediately in the same traditional classroom setting to collect their responses. I believe this suggestion would also eliminate sampling biases since the survey would be conducted to all students taking remedial classes in their traditional classroom

Bill of Material Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bill of Material - Essay Example and SAP Inc. designs the BOM for many enterprises depending on the nature and ERP needs of the enterprise in question. The technology companies have to make the BOM application user-friendly so that the management may find ease and efficiency when using it. BOM is a merely a list of the components required to build a product by detailing and providing the manufacturers part number and the amount of quantity need for a particular component. For example, Microsoft deals with production of computer hardware, which typically consists of different parts. The company, therefore, uses the BOM track the components needed to complete a single computer hardware. That enables the company to track the production cost per unit head. Similarly, SAP is a computer technology and hardware company that assembles computer hardware parts to supply to their clients. Consequently, SAP uses the BOM track the cost of particular parts needed for completion of a single product design. Additionally, SAP management can use the information generated to manage its stock and plan for deliveries from suppliers in time. The policies concerning stock control effectiveness is easily monitored through BOM In general, BOM benefits Microsoft Dynamics and Systems, Applications and Products (SAP) in many ways. Some of the benefits include; facilitating and the location of items. Hence, it saves time spent. Additionally, the software identifies the changes that materials have undergone with respect to a particular time. The rules that govern the use materials can be useful using BOM. Lastly, BOM software, gives reports of the full audit of the material usage, all the approvals made during requisition of materials and all the costing involved (Hua & He, 2010). He, P., & Xu, X. (2009). Improving process flexibility through products assignment with bill of material constraints.  Robotics And Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,  25(3), 582-588.

Evaluating the course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evaluating the course - Essay Example Moreover, punctuations play an important role of ensuring that the intended information is communicated to the audience. Misuse or omission of punctuation marks could distort the intended communication. From â€Å"A Writer’s Reference,† I learnt the uses of various punctuation marks and can now use them appropriately. Even with the understanding of these rules, this course further provided knowledge on coherence in writing so as to give a flowing piece of work that arouses and sustains the reader’s interest. Generally, effective writing begins with an introduction into the topic which gives the thesis or objective of the writing. It would then be followed by subsequent paragraphs or sentences making up the body which give details to support the thesis. External credible sources provide the required information. Finally, the important points would be summarised in the conclusion where the writer gives personal perspectives and recommendations. Having successfully completed this course, my writing has greatly improved. I now give easily understandable and coherent pieces of writing and have greatly minimised my grammatical

Report about Cedar Breaks Park Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Report about Cedar Breaks Park - Term Paper Example It feels as which you are touching the sky as this park is 10,000 feet above a cliff edge with a spectacular view of forests, meadows, deserts and rocky spires. This breath-taking scenery was completely a treat for me as I had never seen such an amazing, well-kept park which was an amazing source of recreation for all of us. Cedar Breaks Park got the name ‘Cedar’ because of abundance of cedar in the forests surrounding this mesmerizing piece of land. This park is open all year and we visited during the same peak timings in between 6am-10pm. basically, this park is operated by the very efficient US Army Corps and they are remarkably performing their duties and maintaining the park well. History: This heaven on earth-Cedar Breaks Park could not have been constructed if this beautiful place could have been declared as National Monument by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 12th, 1992. People have been actually visiting this place 9000 years before and these were call ed as the first visitors of Cedar Break who came to this place for many things and activities (Laine and Laine 521). After the creation of Cedar Break Lodges, Cedar Break Park Company lodges were also constructed. Park tour buses used to stop for dinners at these lodges seating around 120 people at one time. In this way, people started to visit this place and got to know about this amazing place. As now, Cedar Break was in sight of many people, many groups of people started to utilizing this beautiful scenic beauty into some useful project. After Franklin’s Deceleration, this place was now ready to be considered as national monument. Once this was done, the idea of constructing Cedar Break Park clouded in the minds of many people and with time, these thoughts became reality which now we can clearly see in front of us. Cedar Break’s Climate, animals and plants-making it an unforgettable place! Cedar Break Park is one of those places which do not offer a great time to re lax in the lush green meadows, recreation due to numerous fun activities but also the animal and bird lovers can have a great time as this park can also be seen as a mini zoo. When I visited this place, i was so amazed to see the wide range of animals and birds being exhibited in this well-maintained park. Animals including different birds, insects, spiders, millipedes, mammals etc. are found in this park. Various varieties of birds like grouse, juncos, kinglets, finches, thrushes, warblers and many others were caged, providing a great source to amuse children and many adults who adore birds. The rhythmic chirping of the birds produced a beautiful background music which relaxed every bone of my body. I was not able to stop looking at these beautiful, small, colorful birds who sat behind the wires of the cages. When it comes to talking about insects and creepy crawlies found in the park, one will always encounter spruce bark beetle in this park. This is a beetle which lay its eggs in Spruce trees which acts like a renewal in the old forests. As I walked along the park, I saw great numbers of dead spruce trees. After enquiring from one of the staff members of the park, I got to know that the same beetle is actually responsible for the death of these trees as it cuts off the flow of water and nutrients to the tops of the trees. Moreover, our recreation continued when we visited the cages of the extensive

Erotic Love in the Iliad Essay Example for Free

Erotic Love in the Iliad Essay Eros, meaning â€Å"erotic love† in Greek, has had tremendous power over men and women for centuries, causing small and large conflicts. In Homer’s Iliad, it is the very thing that sparks the war between Greece and Troy. This theme of erotic love shows itself over and over again in the epic poem, showing the detriments of allowing desire and sexual attraction to overcome reason. Beginning in the first book, erotic love is responsible for starting the rage of Achilles. Agamemnon demands Achilles’ concubine Brisies for himself in exchange for returning his maiden Chryseis to her father Chryses in order to end the plague set upon the Achaean army. Agamemnon and Achilles, two of the best Achaean warriors, came extremely close to battling each other over these stolen maidens – a fight driven by erotic love that could have divided the Greek army. Furthermore, Helen contributes significantly to the theme of erotic love blinding men and causing citywide conflict in the Iliad. Paris’ attraction to and desire for Helen, the most beautiful of all women at the time, essentially led to the downfall of Troy. In Book 3, Aphrodite inspires the erotic love between Helen and Paris that Helen initially resists but is overcome by the power of this attraction fostered by the goddess. This book of the Iliad shows erotic love as an undeniable, powerful force responsible for much of the conflict resulting in the rest of the epic poem. This theme of erotic love, capable of dividing friends and starting wars, is not to be confused with other forms of love also portrayed in the Iliad, such as the love between Hector and Andromache, or between King Priam and his people. Erotic love appears alongside of other forces of love that all play a part in shaping the characters actions and the outcome of conflict.

Basic Approaches And Contemporary Issues In Leadership Management Essay

Basic Approaches And Contemporary Issues In Leadership Management Essay The first complete contingency model for leadership was presented in 1967 by Fred Fiedlers. His contingency hypothesis was the first to identify how situational factors interrelate with the traits and behaviors of leaders to have an impact on the effectiveness of leadership. The theory proposed that the favorability of the circumstances is what decides how effective the task and the behavior of the person-oriented leader will be. Favorability is established by (1) the amount of trust and respect that devotees or rather followers have for their leaders; (2) the degree to which the responsibilities of individuals who are second to the leader can be organized and the performance measured; and (3) the power that the leader has over the rewards of followers. The circumstances is most encouraging when subordinates have trust and respect for their leaders, respect and trust the leader, the job is greatly structured, and the control over rewards and punishment is held by the leader (Barnett, 2010). The research done by Fiedler showed that leaders who were task-oriented were more valuable and effective when there was either an extremely favorable or extremely unfavorable circumstance, however, leaders who were person-oriented were more valuable if the circumstances were either moderately favorable, or unfavorable. This hypothesis did not really suggest that in various situations, the leader could become accustomed to their leadership styles, but rather that leaders who had various styles would be more valuable when they are put in situations that go with the leadership style that they prefer (Barnett, 2010). Fiedler is of the assumption that the leadership style of an individual is fixed because if the circumstance has a need for someone who is task-oriented but the person who is in that leadership position is relationship-oriented, then either the leader has to be changed or the situation needs to be altered (Robbins, Judge, 2009, pg. 292-293). Following the assessment of the basic leadership style via the lease preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire, Feidler recognized three possible dimensions that, according to his argument, describe the main situational factors that establish the effectiveness of leadership (Robbins Judge, 2009). These three factors include the following: Leader-member relations: The extent to which the followers trust and like the leader, and the readiness and eagerness of the followers to be guided by the follower. Task structure: The extent to which the followers job has been portrayed as either organized or disorganized; and Position power: The leaders power by virtue of the position in the organization and the extent to which, as the leader, he or she can implement power on followers so that they obey and receive the leaders guidance and leadership (Feidlers contingency model, 2009). Feidlers position is that leader-member relations are either good or poor, task structure is either high or low and position power is either strong or week. The healthier the relationship between the leader and followers the more organized the job will be and the more resilient the position of power the more command the leader will have (Robbins, Judge, 2009). Fielder has recently reinterpreted his first hypothesis which he called Cognitive Resource Theory. With this theory he places emphasis on the role that stress plays in situational unfavorableness and how the brain power and know how of the leader effect the way that he or she reacts to stress. The real meaning of this hypothesis us that stress is the adversary of reasonableness, and it is hard for leaders, among others, to think rational and be able to analyze situations when they are under stress. Fielder et al noted that the rational ableness of a leader correlate in a positive manner and their performance is better when they are dealing with low stress situations than when they are dealing with high stress; so the whether the intellect and know how of an individual has any bearing on the performance of leadership is determined by the level of stress. Other studies corroborated the fact that when the level of stress is low and the leader instructed followers on what he needed done, intellect was key to the effectiveness of the leader, but if the circumstance was a high stress one then intellect did not help as much because the leaders thought process was strained. In the same manner, if the leader does not tell his followers what he wants done then intellect do not help because of his reluctance (Robbins, Judge, 2009). The recommendation of Feidler is that organizations employ and choose persons with the essential intellect, know how, and understanding, and then allow those individuals to work under those situations that let them use the resources that they have cognitively. Additionally, the feeling that the leader has of being in control of the circumstance and the level of stress that he is experiencing is essential (Carter, III, 2006). What type of leader characteristic (more intelligent vs. more experienced) is most suited for high-stress incidents? What type of leader (more intelligent vs. more experienced) is best suited for low-stress planned incidents? When giving your answers provide a detailed example of a police leadership position that would fit the leadership style of more intelligent and more experienced.  Ã‚   The leader characteristic most suited for high-stress incidents is more experienced. Feilders Cognitive Resource Theory proposes the significance of situational stress and intellect in identifying with the effectiveness of leadership. Stress makes it hard for individuals to think in a logical manner. As a result, if a situation continues to get more and more stressful then subordinates functioning and judgment will worsen and breakdown. This hypothesis predicts that individuals or groups led by leaders who are smart will function better under situations that are low stressed, and individuals or groups that are led by average leaders will function better in situations that are high stress. While this assumption might seem to argue against perceptiveness, there is a rational justification: Infertile, canned, pre -arranged, secure, or labeled resolutions have a tendency to work out better when the situations are stressful, because they do not rely on either the leaders or followers reas oning, brain power, and inventiveness to work correctly. Meanwhile, when there is an availability of time and resources more artistic solutions are likely to produce a more favorable end result. In essence, an experienced leader must be able to think quickly and critically while being able to make snap decisions at a moments notice. Understand that this hypothesis is not proposing that intellectual leadership is not an important factor in the well being of the company! It is only proposing that times that are stressful are not the most excellent times for the artistic solving of problems. The efficiency of groups can be best maintained when there are stressful situations by generating and carrying out schedules which can be followed by employees as much as possible. The key point here is that intellectual decision making have a tendency to worsen under stress (Mills, 1995). The leadership style that I think would suit the leadership style of more experienced is that of a Swat Team Leader. According to Feidler, individuals or groups that are led by average leaders will function better in situations that are high stress. If for instance there is a hostage situation which in its own right is a very stressful situation because it takes hours of trying to talk down the hostage taker, and the swat leader makes a decision to enter the premises where the hostage taker and hostages are housed, it takes a lot of courage to go through a door knowing that the offender is on the other side waiting to kill you. Sometimes if the hostage taker refuses to talk to authorities they will be unaware of the number of hostage takers inside and also if there are any weapons inside it is hard to say how many and what kind. The leader most suited for low stressed planned incidents is more intelligent. Feidlers theory states that if followers are led by and individual who is smart then they will function better under low stressed circumstances because functioning and judgment will be better as individuals will then have the opportunity to think reasonably and rationally while making sense of the situation that may have presented itself. Fiedler noted that experience weakens functioning in situations that are low stressed. However, it plays a role in situations that are high stressed (Mills, 1995). The position that comes to mind when I think about the more intelligent leader is that of a crime scene investigator. Crime scene investigators investigate and solves crimes. They spend time developing a hypothesis about what happened, when it happened, why it happened, and who did it. They seek to analyze information found at the crime scene and other information given to them in terms of witnesses and confidential informants. I think that the most stressful times of this type of job could come with things like when investigators have to work on a case for long hours or when one has to go to court and testify as an expert witness, or when there is a lack of evidence, other than that I would have to say that the standard level of stress for this position is low. According to Feilder, stress makes it difficult for individuals to think in a logical manner, so if investigators are constantly under stress then they will not be able to think clearly while making sense of bits and pieces o f information to solve crimes. Next, in your own words, define, discuss, and provide a scenario in a CJ organization of Transactional Leadership, Transformational Leadership, and Visionary Leadership. Transactional leadership is when individuals do work only because there is something in it for them, like a reward and no other reason, so the main focus of transactional leadership is to plan jobs and reward construction. With this type of leadership it does not really allow leaders and employees to build a relationship neither does it allow for an environment where people are motivated and want to work long term because as soon as there is no more rewards then the motivation to do the work is also gone. Many organizations use transactional leadership every day in order to get work done. When transactional leaders set goals for their teams he or she also promises a reward for completing these goals and it is also up to the leader to boost employees one the work is completed in a successful manner. For example, may people in criminal justice organizations may simply be working for a paycheck, and remain totally hands-off until a lack of production threatens their pay check. Transformational leadership is when the leaders are highly motivated and they are also trusted by the employees and other management personnel alike. A leader who uses this type of leadership style is someone who establishes goals that are clear and precise, supports, inspires, and encourages employees, helps individuals to realize that it is not about them because there is no I in team, but that it is about the group as a whole, has the expectation that his team must do their best, notices when a job is well done and also recognizes the individual that put out good work, and also, if the leader has a vision he clearly relates this to the team members. Transformational leaders are proactive rather than reactive. For example, a charismatic leader in a criminal justice organization may act as a role model and inspire co-investigators and other law implementers to live up to their highest standards and then go beyond those standards not only for the benefit of the organization but also towards social well being and peace keeping. Visionary leadership amplifies competence because it the responsibility of decision making to the forefront. In order to make the responsibility at the frontline effective, the visionary leader has to allow employees to build excellent decision making skills while trusting them in the process. A visionary leader recognizes opportunities of challenges and growth even prior to it happening and places people in positions that will allow them to turn out astonishing outcomes. Visionary leaders places emphasis on tomorrow and comprise greatness.

Orphaned Adolescents In Botswana

Orphaned Adolescents In Botswana Definition of an orphan is different from country to country, but all in all, an orphan is a child who does not have parents. UNICEF and UNASAIDS define an orphan as a child that has lost one parent; maternal orphan has lost his/her mother, paternal orphan is a child whose father has died and double orphan has lost both parents. In Botswana, orphan refers to a child below 18years who has lost one (single parent) or two (married couples) biological or adoptive parents. Parental deaths from all causes have left 143 million orphan children and youth across countries in sub-Saharan, Asia and Latin America, including 79 million ages 12 through 17years, (Osborn, 2007). Many countries try to address the challenges that this children faces by providing material support such as food, security, shelter and free education but they overlook the psychological, and emotional support and sexual and reproductive support that this children could be getting from their parents, therefore, these childre n become vulnerable to all kinds of delinquencies such as premarital sex, drug and alcohol abuse. ORPHANS, SPECIAL GROUP Orphans are special population, they do not have parents who raise them as compared to non orphaned children; they need special kind of care in order to help them go through grieving and meet all the developmental stages so they can become good adults in future. Improper development and upbringing make them vulnerable. There are many factors that make them vulnerable; firstly, growing up without parental care and love deprives children off a family support system. Family members rely on family system (comprising of; affection, self esteem spiritual, economics, daily care, socialization, recreation and education to meet their individual and collective needs (Turnbull and Turnbull, 2001). Parents, especially, have an important role to support intellectually, emotionally and self esteem needs of their children (Maxwell, 1998). Therefore adolescent orphans are devoid of the parental support and care which help them to develop a positive concept of who they are. They are also devoid of th e self care instruction, which helps to prepare them for success in adult life. Magnitude and Description of the Problem There are many factors that lead to children to be orphaned, but HIV/AIDS is taking the lead. Other factors are road traffic accidents, diseases, financial constraints (for abandoned children), teenage pregnancy and suicide. Brink (2004) reports that the global number of children orphaned to HIV and AIDS increased from 11.5 million in 2001 to 15 million in 2003, the majority of the orphans being in Africa. Variations in Africa have also been noted (UNAIDS, 2006), with Southern Africa being the most affected. There are approximately 111,812 orphans in Botswana, representing approximately 15.2 percent of the children below the age of 18 years (Botswana child monitor, 2005). Over one half of the orphans are adolescents (64% as shown in the pie chart) (Botswana child monitor, 2005). The Botswana child monitor statistics continue to reveal that: 77% of all orphans in Botswana lost at least one of their parents because of AIDS; 87% of the orphans still have one parent alive but 34% of them live with grandparents, 11% live with other relatives; almost 56% of orphans live with heads of households who are not economically active and 44% of orphans live with those economically active but the majority of these are employed in low-paying jobs. CHALLENGES FACED BY ADOLESCENT ORPHANS Challenges on the General Well Being Adolescent orphans come across many life rivalries that challenge them to progress in life as compared to un-orphaned children. In cases where the orphaned child does not have even a guardian or family member to give care, his/her needs are not met due to lack of funding and sub-standard conditions (Grey, 2010). These challenges affect their physical, behavioral, social, mental and intellectual wellbeing, (Grey, 2010). Socially, orphans have problems in developing proper relationships with peers and yet display indiscriminate friendliness in an effort to reach to others. This is where attachment theory comes in; this is the theory that describes the dynamic of long term relationships between humans especially as in family and long term friends (Bowlby, 1969). Infants need to develop a relationship with at least one primary care giver for social and emotional development to occur normally and that further relationships build on the patterns developed in the first relationship. Orphans did not have chance to have relationship with his/her parents. This impedes an orphans ability to form genuine attachments. Challenges Due to Improper Family Structure Sometimes orphans are abused (sexually, emotionally and financially) by their guardian, step parent or distant relative, and then adolescent, whom is in most of the cases the eldest, will choose to take care of the siblings. She/he will become a parent, a care giver and a student at the same time. She will have to shift from being dependent upon parents to becoming responsible and providing for the family. The quest for stability and security can result in potentially exploitative sexual behavior with older partners (sugar daddies and mummies), young single mother hood and HIV infection. This is supported by Tshweneyagae, Wright and Hoffmann, (2009); orphaned adolescent are vulnerable to HIV infection because they are more amenable to multiple partners as a means of survival for emotional and financial support. Some, more-especially male adolescent, would join the growing ranks of street children who soon become professional beggars, glue sniffers and criminals. This will end up affe cting their academic performance. Orphaned adolescent are at a critical developmental stage formulated by Erikson 1968; identity versus confusion. Erikson defines identity as a persons stable, coherent and integrated sense of self. That is who he/she is and what he/she stands for as a member of society. Healthy identity seems to correlate to the establishment of healthy relationship between parents and their children which allows for individual freedom, (Erikson 1968). The family can grant autonomy or feedback processes to either encourage or discourage individuality and innovations (Watson and Prostinky, 1998). As the orphaned adolescent have no parents to guide them, they end up on confusion role, not knowing who really they are and how others expect them to be. They end up being promiscuous, criminals and drug dealers in a confusion that, that would be the only way to earn finance. There are children who grew up in poor families, but because they have access to good guidance from parents, its rear to find them ind ulging in negative things to earn money. Orphans and Education Orphans are less likely to be enrolled in schools than non-orphans (Paxson and Ableidinger, 2002). However, contrary to recent reports from World Bank and UNSAIDS, the lower school enrollment rate of orphans cannot be accounted to solely by their poverty, (Paxson and Ableidinger, 2002). Paxson and Ableidinger (2002) found out that the lower enrollment of orphans is largely accounted by the nature of the relationship between the orphans and the decision making adult in the family. Children in household headed by their grandparents and parents are more likely to attend school than those children who live with their other more distant relatives and non-relatives. This evidence support the idea that house hold decision markers allocate resources towards children with whom they have close relationships and discriminate against children whose ties are more distant (Paxson and Ableidinger, 2002). Sometimes orphans become truant because they are responsible for household chores, they are the once doing all heavy labor work such as in the fields, cattle post and general household chores whereas with the children of the household decision maker, school is their first priority. Programs Assisting Orphan Adolescents in Botswana There numbers of orphans due to HIV/AIDS increased, this called for government and other stakeholders attention. Traditionally, orphaned children in Botswana have been cared for by extended families. However, due to social and economic strain some families are no longer able because orphans increase an alarming rate. The government organizations, non government organization, volunteers and community based programmes took responsibility to take care of the orphans. Government Programmes They are 100% government owned example the national orphan programme and masiela trust fund. A National Orphan Programme was established in April 1999 to respond to the immediate needs of orphaned children, and a comprehensive policy for helping AIDS orphans was established under this programme (UNAIDS, 2006). The government currently runs a food basket scheme, where a basket of food is provided to orphaned households once a month. Orphans are also provided with school uniforms and are subsidized for transportation fees to get to school. Masiela trust fund was set up by the cabinet to be responsible for the orphans. It works closely with the ministry of local government. Its role is to raise funds which are then allocated to appropriate nongovernmental organizations and community based organizations working with orphans and vulnerable children (Dlamini, 2004). Community Based Programmes These are programmes founded by communities and churches. They are funded by local companies, local banks and the government. Examples are Bobirwa trust fund, Kgaitsadi Society and Bana Baketso orphan day care. Most of these programmes care mostly for 3-6 children. Bana Baketso orphan day care has interventions for adolescents. It is based in Molepolole. The school was established in 1998 and works closely with the Keletso counseling and testing centre and also offers spiritual and social counseling. The Bana Ba Keletso day care centre is attended by 334 registered orphans and vulnerable children, ranging in age from 2-18years (Dlamini, 2004). Schooling children (7-18years) are collected after school to attend the centre. They receive a meal and participate in various activities with care givers including: Help with home work; Bereavement and trauma counseling support programmes to help them cope.; Music and gospel sessions to help children cope and develop their spirituality; Drama and swimming at private schools that have partnered with Day care centre; Psychological camps at various venues during holidays, which is also open to adolescents outside the centre. The focus of the camp is to integrate the children socially, to teach them survival skills and life skills to encourage positive attitudes. The camp promotes good, safe behavior to avoid the risk of HIV infection. The center provides training for income generating activities for adolescents such as leather work and art work and they are assisted finding employment. The care givers are trained in counseling and grief support. They assist the follow up of treatment of HIV/AIDS-positive children at clinics and in Gaborone where they receive their Anti Retroviral therapy treatment (Dlamini, 2004). Non-Governmental Organization Programs These are programs that are independent and funded by international companies, individuals and international governments, examples are Masitara foundation, Bill Melinda gates foundation, SOS childrens village and Mpule Kwelagobe foundations. SOS also has specific objective for adolescents. It is a Childrens Villages which helped children who are orphaned, abandoned or whose families are unable to care for them. They give these children the opportunity to build lasting relationships within an SOS  family.   Their family approach in the SOS Childrens Village is based on four principles: Each child needs a mother, Each child  grows up most naturally with brothers and sisters, Each child grows up in their own house, Each child grows up within a supportive village environment. SOS Children began working in Botswana in 1986 when we opened a community in Tlokweng (15 family houses and nursery), Another in Francistown, built in 1998 (15 family houses and an SOS and a nursery) and third village is being built at Serowe (5 family houses and a nursery) (SOS childrens villages, 2010). Children attend the local government schools, all within walking distance, and the younger ones use the SOS Nursery. There is An SOS Vocational Training Centre teaches (16years old) tailoring, welding and carpentry to give them the best possible chance of earning a living when they are ready to leave the village. Tlokweng also has a farm which provides most of the Villages food requirements as well as further vocational training opportunities (SOS Childrens villages, 2010). Another programme that is very important is BOFWA, Botswana Family Welfare Association. It was founded in September 1988. BOFWA provides information and services on Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH).   This approach appears necessary based on the current statistics of teenage pregnancy, HIV infection and AIDS cases in Botswana.   The approach specifically targets young people who are vulnerable to HIV infection due to unprotected sex which also leads to unplanned pregnancy which comes with psychological, social and physical consequences. This programme is essential for orphaned adolescents because it covers sexual and reproductive issues and orphaned adolescent are very vulnerable to such issues adopted on line: http://www.bofwa.bw/focus.html Evidenced Based Specific Interventions Related To Adolescent Orphans Rivers and Aggleton (2003) approved that globally as many as 100 million young people under the age of 18 live or work on the streets of urban areas. Many report having exchanged sex for money, goods or protection, injecting drugs and having been raped. In most cases, orphaned adolescents are the ones who are poor, have no proper parental guidance, therefore they are trapped in this bad activities. In such situations explicit intervention is needed to counterbalance the disempowering effects of community environments on susceptible groups like adolescent orphans (Msimang 2001). The following interventions can reduce risk and vulnerability: †¢ Provision of free, universal education (Loewenson, 2007): Young females with higher educational level are more likely to report practicing abstinence than those with lower educational level (koffi and kawaha, 2008). Education equips orphan adolescent with knowledge that they could be getting from their parents. Also education gives these orphans hopes that one day they will be able to support themselves, so they do not have to exploit their bodies by exchange sex for money. †¢ Support of teachers to deliver effective programs of HIV-related education, build youth awareness and challenging youth and gender stereotypes (Loewenson, 2007): Teachers have to make students understand that it is important to learn skills and behavior change in this domain as compared to other academic areas where achievement on a test may be important. Teachers can make this distinction by stating to the class why sexual education is so important for them. Stories of adolescents whose lives have been affected in negative ways by pregnancy or STDs (e.g., discussion of true stories, showing videos of true stories) can be very useful. The idea here is to encourage students to value what they are learning as a mechanism for behavior change, rather than focusing on simple knowledge acquisition and memorization. †¢ Universal access to youth friendly health services for prevention, treatment and care (Loewenson, 2007). Providing reproductive health and HIV/AIDS education and services is critical as orphans are vulnerable to risky sexual behaviors. Staff may need training in order: not to discriminate against youth; to understand that parental consent may keep youth from seeking health care; to realize that young people usually lack the means to pay for services; and to cope with youths difficulties in adhering to treatment. †¢ Social interventions to promote more open forms of communication within and between families, communities and young people (Loewenson, 2007): Supervision by people in the community and parental supervision are possible factors that may prevent risky behaviors of underserved adolescents such as orphans. Community should be more sensitive to support safer sexual behaviors, according to adolescent needs and wishes. Good relationship between care givers and appropriate attitudes of people within the community towards orphans should be encouraged. Other interventions as adopted from (Loewenson, 2007) include, law reforms and enforcement on gender violence, inheritance and sexual cleansing; legal and counseling services to victims of domestic violence; public and political leadership speaking out against harmful practices; small business loans and production inputs from state and NGOs to households to sustain production; and public works, cash transfers and income support to households caring for orphans. Chacham (2007) stresses that; supply is only one part of the picture. Demand and uptake issues need to be addressed. This implies making services acceptable and accessible to male and female youth, through entry points that young people will use before they are at risk, and preventing social stigma or victimization for use of services. Strengths of the orphanage programmes in Botswana The activities in programmes are child and adolescent focused such as counseling and recreational activities. There is evidence of youth empowerment in most centers such as camping which provide a useful opportunities for children to acquire skills from care givers (survival skills), artwork activities tailoring, welding and carpentry. Most of the programmes involve the community although there is room for extending community involvement such as funding from government. Their main goal is focused on promoting and protecting Orphaned and vulnerable Children in to better adults. Providing interaction of children with those who are not orphans by allowing non-orphan children in the SOS nursery, adolescent in government schools and camping not exclusive to orphans. Weakness/ Challenges of the Orphanage Programmes in Botswana Lack of infrastructure, in Bana ba keletso day care centre, 334 children are taken care of in 2 bed roomed rented house, during our visit, when it rains, all children overcrowd in a small house (Dlamini, 2004). Lack of finance: inadequate funding as well as the uncertainty of the available funds especially to feed the children. The government brings fixed amount not taking in to consideration price fluctuations. They are few social workers in the districts, causing delay in cases requiring their immediate attention example, children who are sexually abused. No evidence for community empowerment programmes to reduce dependence. There is no feasible orphan policy, care givers and volunteers do whatever they can lay hands on. Most of these programmes fail to address the sexual and reproductive issues that the adolescents face. CONCLUSION Young people are part of the promise for the future, the hope of a next generation. These adolescents need proper upbringing to be future leaders of the country. The programmes are really playing a good role; they are helping the innocent and vulnerable to conquer life challenges as adolescence is a critical stage of life. Its a stage where most individual life starts to turn over if they choose negative deeds and attitudes RECOMMENDATIONS The government should give these programs more resources such as land to engage in poultry and vegetable farming as well as mobile restaurants hence developing entrepreneurial skills in children at early age. This will reduce the financial problems experienced. More main power such as social workers should be available in most of the time, adolescent need more advices and professional counseling, so that the programme cannot rely only on lay counselors. Projects working with orphaned adolescents should address the developmental needs of this age group. Adolescents have particular developmental needs that can be much more challenging without parents. Programs generally are not addressing the psychosocial, sexuality and reproductive health, social support, and livelihood needs of adolescents who are orphans. In addition, programs need to realize that age and sex differences are important. Developmental needs of younger and older adolescents vary. Girls and boys may also have different needs.

Torvald Helmer of Henrik Isbens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

Torvald Helmer of Henrik Isben's A Doll's House In Henrik Isben's A Doll's House, he makes the observation that women in contemporary society posses no independent self unrestricted from the male's image of them; Isben accomplishes this through the character relationship between Torvald Helmer and his wife Nora. Henrik Isben sought to show the psychological complexity of realism underneath the surface of a typical urban bourgeoisie or professional class family. Thus in doing so, brings out the central conflict between the idealistic Torvald and this underlying theme demonstrated through Nora. Ultimately, it is because of Torvald's completely inflexible and self-righteous attitudes towards life and his moralistic values, that Nora is driven from her role of submisiveness in his game of male dominance to seek her own identity. Hel. (walking about the room). What a horrible awakening! All these eight years-she who was my joy and pride-a hypocrite, a liar-worse, worse-a criminal! The unutterable ugliness of it all! For shame! For shame! ...(62) It is only when she has found this sense of a self that she had been denying and sacrificing all these years, that she can truly begin to love others. Hel. Before all else you are a wife and a mother. Nora. I don't believe that any longer. I believe that before all else I am a reasonable human being just as you are-or, at all events, that I must try and become one. (68) This game which she had been playing with her father before, and now with the close-minded Torvald, she finally realizes, is the "Dolls House" she's been living in for all her life, never finding out who she truly is. Nora. But our home has been nothing but a playroom. I have been your doll wife, just as at home I was Papa's doll child; and here the children have been my dolls. I thought it was great fun when you played with me,

The Creation of God in Apocalypse Now in Relation to Frazers The Golde

The Creation of God in Apocalypse Now in Relation to Frazer's The Golden Bough      Ã‚  Ã‚   Very rarely do filmmakers intend to create cinematic masterpieces which integrate and draw upon lush literary qualities and leave the viewer with a deeper feeling of life and death than he or she had before viewing the film. Even if some filmmakers do attempt to create a masterpiece, symbolic and complex, many fall short. However, when Francis Coppola created Apocalypse Now, he succeeded in creating a masterpiece, drawing upon the complicated story within Conrad's Heart of Darkness and the savage observations within Frazer's The Golden Bough. The character of Colonel Kurtz in both Conrad's and Coppola's works, is one of a complicated, volatile renaissance man; he is at the same time a ruthless, body collecting warrior and a artistic philosopher. Kurtz's "divinity is like fire, which under proper restraints, confers endless blessings, but if rashly touched, burns and destroys what it touches" (Frazer 13). Kurtz, as a savage icon, is capable of greatness and is brutally ma licious at the same time. Where Coppola strays from Conrad, he does so to show Kurtz's deliberate choice to become a god-like figure and be destroyed in the tradition of the savages. Through the savage beliefs of tabooed head and hair, the slaying of the divine king, and sympathetic magic, Coppola creates a more savagely realistic character in Kurtz.    Perhaps one of Col. KurtzÕs most prominent physical features in Apocalypse Now is his shaven head. Frazer explains that, to the savages, the head and hair of their divine king is tabooed, and "to touch the top of the head, or anything which had been on his head was sacrilege" (Frazer 812). To the savages, their king ra... ...in Cambodia after he slays Kurtz because either Chef had ordered the air strike, or because Willard, eventhough he is mesmerized by the culture, is a unwavering part of the western world. Just because Willard is portrayed by Coppola as a unconventional man and can slay Kurtz in accordance with savage customs, doesn't make him a savage. Eventhough Frazer is an Englishman, Coppola believes his observations of savages are precise, and so he chooses to create his born again savage god-king, Kurtz, accordingly.       Works Cited Frazer, James. The Golden Bough. 1922. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1951. Vickery, James B., The Literary Aspect of 'The Golden Bough'. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1973. Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Remarks on Frazer's 'Golden Bough'. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Human Press, Inc., 1979.      

The Delay in Hamlet’s Revenge Essay example -- Revenge and Vengeance i

The Delay in Hamlet’s Revenge  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's first thoughts after learning of his father's murder are of an immediate, violent revenge upon Claudius. However, his subsequent actions do not live up to these resolutions. Over four acts he takes little deliberate action against his uncle, although the ghost explicitly demands a swift revenge. In S. T. Coleridge's words, Hamlet's central weakness is that he is "continually resolving to do, yet doing nothing but resolve". Hamlet's first soliloquy, following a hostile conversation with Claudius and Gertrude, shows him grief-stricken, bitter and despairing. The source of Hamlet's melancholy is "his father's death" and the "o'er-hasty marriage" of his mother and uncle. He feels he has to do something, but he does not know precisely what. He expresses his disgust at his mother's inconstancy and incestuous remarriage, but is bound to suffer in silence: he must "hold [his] tongue" for reasons of diplomacy. The world seems empty, and he uses imagery of corruption, darkness, disease and imprisonment to reveal his state of mind. At the beginning of the play, all Hamlet sees is a terrible situation which he has no power to change. The ghost's command therefore gives Hamlet purpose; a reason to live. Its instruction is unmistakable: "if thou didst ever thy dear father love...revenge his foul and most unnatural murder." The apparition, armed "from head to foot", then relates the story of Claudius' treachery in graphic and horrible detail. It is now apparent to Hamlet what is "rotten in the state of Denmark". Shakespeare makes it very clear what Hamlet's duty is and who his enemy is. Hamlet is charged to avenge his father's murder and free Denmark from the shadow of the king's fr... ...e. N.p.: Princeton University Press, 1972.    Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.      

Dragon Multinational

Select a major Dragon Multinational. Describe the company’s features that are consistent with Mathew’s Dragon MNC theory and any that are not consistent. Analyse the factors that led the corporation to be successful. Prepare a three year Global Development Strategy for the corporation, taking into account the current business environment. Chosen Company: The Hong Leong Group with specific focus on City Developments Limited. The primary features that define a Dragon Multinational Corporation in their simplest form are large Multinational Enterprise’s that stem from the Asia-Pacific region that have ‘successfully internationalized and in some cases become a leading firm in its sector’ (Mathews). The Singapore based Hong Leong Group fits this classification almost seamlessly as with its many offshoots it is worth an estimated $30 billion boasting highly successful projects within property, finance, hospitality and trade and industry (hongleong. com. sg). Unlike many of the companies Mathew’s makes reference to in his theory the Hong Leong Group was not instantly a global success, in fact it was started in 1948 by Kwek Hong Png as a modest shop dealing in construction materials. Later on in the 1960’s the group moved into Finance for small local firms and a small amount of property investment. In the 1970’s The Hong Leong Group obtained a dominant stake in its most well known venture ‘City Developments Limited’ which was then a mere 8 employee’s and slowly expanded into commercial development. It was in the late 1980’s under the control of Kwek Hong Pngs son and future Executive Chairman Kwek Leng Beng that the company made its move into the hotel industry. This is where we witness what Mathews refers to as the â€Å"Gestalt Switch† from domestic to global competitor. The Hong Leong Group is what Mathews classes as a ‘Second Wave MNE’. These corporations are characterised by using ‘pull factors that draw firms into global connections rather than push factors that drove firms as stand alone players in the first wave’. A classic ‘Gerschenkronian Latecomer’ The Hong Leong Group unsuspectedly enhanced their portfolio through acquisitions and joint ventures namely the obtaining of a controlling interest in City Development Limited before embarking on what the group call a ‘strategic diversification strategy’ leading to the purchase of a hotel which thrust the group onto the world stage and was soon followed by rapid expansion and regionalisation. In Mathews theory there are 3 principal characteristics of a ‘latecomer’ these are accelerated internationalization, organisational innovation and strategic innovation. Accelerated Internationalization Internationalization is ‘defined as a process of cross-border operations when a business firm headquatered in one country controls and influences the strategic decision making of atleast one affiliate in another country’ (Yeung). Latecomers progess by making use of existing international connections in Hong Leongs case they used mergers and takeovers in a process known as horizontal integration. They linked with CDL and used the leverage of their financial sector to fund the hotel investments allowing the group to create their hospitality arm the London listed subsidiary Millenium and Copthorne Hotels plc which now operates over 120 hotels in 18 countries. M&C also signed a global strategic marketing alliance with Maritim Hotels which added another 49 hotels to the portfolio not inclusive of the eight management contracts announced that are to take place between 2009-2011. This clearly shows the rapid expansion that is so characteristic of a Dragon Multinational. Organizational Innovation Mathews highlights that Dragon Multinationals from an organizational perspective ‘dispensed with conventional â€Å"international division† as they had a global perspective from the get go. This is true of Hong Leong Asia which is the trade and industry branch of the group. The roots of the Hong Leong Group from its inception were in the concrete industry and although slightly overshadowed by the property and finance sectors in past years Hong Leong Asia was successfully growing in the background. The group has companies such as diesel engines companies, packaging companies and building materials companies that have merged via acquisition of stake holdings to create one single major manufacturing and distribution enterprise. This cluster of businesses that are hugely successful evolve in their individual specialities growing the company as a whole into one of the biggest integrated trade and industry groups in Asia. Strategic Innovation Frequently mentioned in Mathews Theory is the idea of latecomers taking advantage of an already well established global network, tapping into this via alliances and mergers. This is the innovative strategy that is displayed brilliantly by the Hong Leong Group as both CDL and Hong Leong Asia used this method to propel them through the initial stages of internationalization straight to being globally expansive. City Developments Limited linked with London’s Millennium & Copthorne and New Zealand’s Kingsgate and the Philippines Grand Plaza and know own and operate hotels in 18 countries and are currently expanding to The United Arab Emirates. Similarly Hong Leong Asia after acquiring several companies within Asia to become one of the biggest manufacturing companies in Singapore has linked with several subsidies on both the New York and Amsterdam Stock Exchange. This is a prime example of how pioneering latecomer MNE’s from the periphery use linkage and leverage to take advantage of vast existing global networking. Factors influencing success of the group – OLI vs LLL Within Mathew’s theory one of the main factors that influences whether a company can be classified as a Dragon Multinational is whether it fits Dunnings OLI framework or whether it is better suited to the adapted LLL framework. The original ‘ownership, location and internalization’ structure best describes the traditional MNE as it reaches global status by overcoming market malfunction with superior resource bases and overlooks the methods that form the basis of many modern MNE’s global success such as innovation and joint ventures etc. With acquisitions and joint ventures being the primary strategy of the Hong Leong Group their global expansion is definitely more in keeping with Mathew’s proposed ‘linkage, leverage, learning’ framework that picks up where the OLI framework left off, based on the international expansion of Dragon MNC’s.

Graduate Studies Challenges And Strategies Essay

There are many challenges that a student will face while completing graduate study. One challenge is to choose the title of the thesis or dissertation. Another challenge is to have more than enough money to complete graduate study. A third challenge is to pass the thesis or dissertation defense. The other challenges will surely pale in comparison with these three uphill challenges. They will surely try to break the student’s strong resolve to finish run the graduate study race. There are many strategies that they can use to address these challenges. We can easily list very effective ways the students can use to address the challenge to choose the title of the thesis or dissertation. We can easily enumerate very worthy ways the students can use to address the challenge to have more than enough money to complete the financially draining graduate study. We can easily jot down very efficient traditions the students can use to address the challenge to cross the finish line in the thesis or dissertation defense race(Palmer, 2006). BODY We can easily list very effective ways the students can use to address the challenge to choose the title of the thesis or dissertation. First, the student can research the Graduate School library copies to have several clues on how the titles of the thesis or dissertation were crafted. Second, the student can research other resources to accomplish this daunting task. Third, the student can ask the tutor or professor to guide the student along this disheartening graduate study phase. Lastly, the student can give up. Further, the student must use all the ways listed above to complete his graduate study mission to address the challenge to choose the title of the thesis or dissertation. The Graduate School library’s store of passed thesis or dissertations will surely guide the student on the different chapters of the thesis or dissertation. These accomplished library references will clearly show the long and narrow path that the students must also thread in order to get the tutor’s or graduate school professor’s nod in terms of the thesis or dissertation title. All these books generally will have a common denominator that will shed the light on the most likely thesis or dissertation title that the tutor or graduate school professor will favor(Timmerman,2006). We can easily enumerate very worthy ways the students can use to address the challenge to have more than enough money to complete the financially draining graduate study. First, the student can borrow money pay for the daily graduate school expenses. Second, the student can find work to pay the inescapable expenses to wiggle through the complex and overwhelming graduate study. Third, the student can seek scholarships to help defray the money needed to keep in pace with his graduate study mates. Fourth, the student can raise the flag of defeat. The student can pick one of the four worthy ways to address the challenge to have more than enough money to complete the financially draining graduate study. One student can easily find money if he or she chooses to borrow from moneyed relatives, banks, or other money lenders as compared to the other three strategies. Another student’s choice to gather enough finances by finding a job to defray his graduate school expenses could be his or her easiest option as contrasted with the other choices enumerated in the prior paragraph. The academically gifted student can apply for scholarships in order to pay for the expenses of accomplishing the academic requirements of his or her field of choice(Peterson,2005). We can easily jot down very efficient traditions the students can use to address the challenge to cross the finish line in the thesis or dissertation defense race. First, the student can literally ask the aid of his or her tutor or graduate school mentor. Second, the student can seek the help of someone who is an expert in the complex science of thesis or dissertation defense. Third, the student could use secondary resources to successful answer the defense panels’ barrage of questions with flying colors. Lastly, the student can loudly proclaim I Quit. Further, one student could find that the most comfortable tradition is to literally ask the aid of his or her tutor or graduate school mentor. Many graduate school students of different intelligences find this step a must. Another student would be most at home implementing the traditional way of seeking the help of someone who is an expert in the complex science of thesis or dissertation defense. The expert will lessen the student’s time needed to list the possible questions and to prepare the most academically correct answers to each questions during the much awaited graduate school defense. All the students must incorporate the traditional use of secondary resources to successful answer the defense panels’ barrage of questions with flying colors. This choice will undoubtedly complement the other traditions discussed(Glatthorn & Joyner,2005). CONCLUSION There are many strategies that the students can use to address the many challenges that they will face while completing graduate study to avoid giving up their academic dream. The student must use all the ways listed above to complete his graduate study mission to address the challenge to choose the title of the thesis or dissertation. The student can pick the one of the four worthy ways to address the challenge to have more than enough money to complete the financially draining graduate study. The students can use the best tradition that they feel most comfortable to address the challenge to cross the finish line in the thesis or dissertation defense race. Conclusively, there are many strategies that the students can use to address the many challenges that they will face while completing graduate study to avoid giving up their academic dream. REFERENCES: Glatthorn, A. , Joyner, R. , (2005), Writing the Winning Thesis or Dissertation: A Step –by -Step Guide, N. Y. , Corwin Press Palmer, W. , (2006), Dissertations on Subjects Relating to the â€Å"Orthodox† or â€Å"Eastern Catholic† Communion, Harvard, Harvard University Press Peterson, T. , (2005). Peterson’s Four Year Colleges, N. Y. , Peterson’s Publishing Timmerman, C. , (2006). The Everything Pencil Puzzles Book: Sharpen Up Your Puzzle – Solving Skills, N. Y. , Everything Books,

Beowulf vs. Spiderman

Back in the seventeenth century, they had epic heroes like Beowulf, who killed Grendel with his bare hands. Now, they have heroes such as Spiderman who can shoot web from his wrist and crawl up walls. Beowulf and Spiderman have characteristics that distinguish them as heroes, some of which are found in both of them while one has characteristics the other doesn’t. During the Anglo Saxon days, the original hero was Beowulf, the supreme warrior. He had marvelous strength, not like the average being.His true bravery and his powerful will to fight to death is what people genuinely knew him for. However, in today’s society, the modern superheroes are taken as being a regular limited hero. Spiderman for instance, was not born with super powers but was bitten by a spider that gave him the power. Unlike Beowulf, who would kill his enemy, Spiderman has limitations and would not dare kill his enemy because he believes death is never the answer. They’re alike because they bo th put other people’s needs in front of their own; they would risk their lives for someone else’s.They’re also alike because during the times of Spiderman and Beowulf, there are always critics that only criticize the hero; to make them seem like something they’re not. For example, Peter Parker (Spiderman) is always taking pictures for the Daily Bugle to let people know that Spiderman is a â€Å"good guy†, but his imperial figure only wants to make him seem like he is committing a crime. With Beowulf, because he is so vital and was born with this power, average people that do not know him do not think highly of him, want to bring him down.Resolution: Today’s modern superheroes are given super powers like super strength, reflexes and agility, and to possibly have spider webs come from your wrist and have the ability to crawl up walls! But just like any other epic hero, all of them have some challenging obstacles that has altered their life in one way or another that makes them become strong and prepared to be the icon that most people look up too, while others waiting to watch you fall and fail with the city you protect. These superheroes are all somewhat similar because they fight for their people rather than for themselves and they fight only for justice!

Character and his relationships Essay

Describe Pip’s encounters with Miss Havisham and Estella, and show how the meetings affect his character and his relationships. Puneet Khandelwal At the start of the novel, Pip is an innocent boy who has been brought up to respect his elders and betters. He is a kind-hearted child as is seen in the episode in which he brings the convict the file and the food. He is also rather gullible and really believes that a terrible man will tear his liver out while he sleeps unless he does as he has been told. This gullibility can be seen again when he visits Miss Havisham’s house, for the first time, and is taken in by the charms of Estella. Pip first meets Miss Havisham when he goes to Satis House, to play. He sees her sitting in the candle lit room in her wedding dress and jewelry, sitting next to her dressing table. His first impression of her was that â€Å"she was the strangest lady I have ever seen, or shall ever see. † He is shocked by what he sees and thinks of her as a â€Å"ghastly waxwork. † He was â€Å"half afraid† and in an â€Å"uncomfortable state,† during this meeting. Pip is told to play, by Miss Havisham, but Pip finds this rather difficult in the gloomy surroundings. Estella is sent for to play with Pip. Estella plays a game of cards with Pip, and during this she humiliates him. Estella insults Pip by calling him â€Å"a boy† when in actual fact they are both the same ages. Estella does this time and time again and Pip felt very stupid and clumsy after he dropped the cards while dealing them. While playing at cards, she comments on Pip being â€Å"common† and that he â€Å"calls Knaves, Jacks, this boy. † Pip feels very nervous after this humiliation. Pip meets both Miss Havisham and Estella, again, six days later when he is told to explore the grounds of Satis House. Pip feels himself inferior of the lower status because Estella orders him, â€Å"you are to stand there, boy, till you are wanted. † Then Estella makes him say that she is â€Å"very pretty† and then she asks him if she is insulting but suddenly slaps him around the face and calls him a â€Å"little coarse monster,† which adds further insult to Pip. She then calls him â€Å"a boy† again in front of the other people who are also in the room. By this time Pip can no longer stand up for himself. After a few years, when Pip is a little older, he is apprenticed to Joe. Pip’s sister and Joe’s wife, Mrs. Joe, is attacked by an unknown person, and so due to her disability, Biddy joins the household to help out. He visits Miss Havisham as usual but on one of these visits he finds that Estella has gone abroad to be educated. Pip is upset at this news because he started to like Estella quite a lot but he also thinks that Biddy is growing up into a â€Å"rather attractive woman,† and is quite fond of her. When he is told, by Jaggers, that Pip has inherited a â€Å"handsome property,† Pip immediately thinks that the â€Å"handsome property† is Satis House. He is also told that he must begin his education in London right away. Pip’s attitude to Joe and Biddy completely changes now and he begins to think himself as being a gentleman, something that he is not. He begins to speak highly of himself and talks down at Joe and Biddy. He is insulting to Biddy because he says; â€Å"you are envious, Biddy, and grudging. You are dissatisfied on account of my rise in fortune and can’t help showing it†¦ † Biddy takes as a huge insult. He is rude to Biddy because he compares her to Estella. He also talks down to Joe, â€Å"It’s a pity now, Joe,† said I, † that you did not get a little more when we had our lessons here; isn’t it? † He doesn’t approve of other people’s manners, especially Joe. He talks to Biddy about Joe when he says, â€Å"but he is rather backward in some things. For instance, Biddy, in his learning and his manners,† and has clearly been influenced by Estella. He has become ashamed of Joe and no longer wants to talk to him. He thinks that Joe and Biddy are just commoners and he sees himself as a gentleman. He has become rather bid headed. Now that he has got some of the money, it starts to go to his head and he sees himself as a person with a higher status than the people of the village. He is, in a way, desperate to be rich. The scene in Mr. Trabb’s tailor shop shows Pip having the measurements for a new suit being taken. In the shop, Pip boasts his new status by saying, â€Å"I wish to pay for them†¦ with ready money,† and gets a few coins and shakes them in his hand. He also orders Mr. Trabb’s boy around even though they were previously equal. He begins to despise the village, in which he has stayed all his life, and now he just wants to get away from it all. Everything that he used to admire he now despises, such as Joe, the Forge, his upbringing, his apprenticeship and where he lives. He only has one thing on his mind, and that is to be rich. However, he does become a little unhappy because he has seen the upper lass lifestyle and he doesn’t find it as exciting and he can’t do the things that he used to do, like play in the streets. He doesn’t have any friends and now he becomes even lonelier. But he prepared to give all this up, as he is desperate to win Estella and desperate to obtain all the money. He doesn’t see that some people are trying to take advantage of his new wealth, such as Mr. Pumblechook. Pip is invited over for dinner by Mr. Pumblechook, who gives him the best wine and the best meat to eat and at the end he asks Pip if he would like to invest some of his money in Mr. Pumblechook’s corn business. Mr. Pumblechook never ever used to be this nice to Pip, when he was a commoner, but now that Pip has a lot of money, Mr. Pumblechook treats Pip just like the upper class. So overall Pip went from being just a normal, common boy who loved Joe, and his own sister, and was respectful of everyone that was elder than him and turned into someone who didn’t care about anyone else besides those of the upper class. He became disrespectful, snobbish, very insulting and bid headed.

Project management Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project management - Thesis Proposal Example This argument is particularly important in consideration of the fact that there are authors in the extant literature on research methodologies who explain that both of these methods could be at odds with each other, suggesting a degree of inefficacy (i.e. Poggie, DeWalt and Dressler, 1992, pp. 132). However, this researcher agrees with Flick’s position and further argues that effective features of each model should be adopted and reconciled so that identified research approaches from both paradigms complement each other, resulting to a more effective method of investigation. Naturally, the hybrid model proposed would mean that this study will utilize a number of research tools and techniques. For instance, data will be gathered using interviews, surveys and secondary sources and they will be presented as empirical data in the research discussion and analysis. The structure of the research is a logical flow of stages that incorporate qualitative and quantitative techniques. This is depicted in Fig. 1. It shows how the study would begin with interviewing resource persons. The focus group technique can prove to be invaluable at this stage. Once, approved, this researcher will devise a structured interview at once involving three to five stakeholders or industry resource persons. The purpose is to gain a significant knowledge and first-hand data on specific issues that would provide the insights necessary in developing a more effective questionnaire and research techniques. In the focus group interview, participants will be asked to respond to questions and allowed to respond to each other’s answers as well. Secondary sources will complement the data from the focus group interview. This will not only inform the next step in the study but also provide collaborative evidences and sources for comparative analysis. These

International Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Marketing Plan - Assignment Example The Chinese culture has been the inventor of paper, tea etc. The culture is five thousand years old and to the modern days the country has been able to maintain the ethnicity and the distinctiveness of the culture. Ethnic groups like the Huns and the Mongols have ruled the country from time to time. (A brief introduction to Chinese culture, n.d.) Today, China has opened up to the foreign countries in the wake of the globalization of the economy. The westernization of the culture is evident from the dressing trend of the people. The traditional dresses are used during the times of occasion while in normal times they wear modern dresses. Gini & Jony is focused on the modern dresses for the kids. The company will have tremendous scope for growth in the country. (Living and Values, n.d.) Shanghai has been the most populated city in China with a population of 16.74 millions according to the census of 2000. Out of the total population 88.31% is urbanized and the density is 2,657 people/ square kilometer. The fertility rate of the city has been controlled and it was one of the first regions to have a negative growth rate. It has been maintaining a growth rate of -1.9%. The per capita income in the area is 5,596 Yuan, which is higher than that of Beijing and Tianjing. (Shanghai, n.d.). The city offers a good opportunity for a company like Gini & Jony to cater to the high value customers. The fertility rate has been a problem. However, the company caters to children of various age groups. Shanghai opened up to the foreigners in the 1800s. Since then, Shanghai has been flooded by religions from all over the world. The Christians came in with their religion and so did the other religions. There are five principal groups in the city today - Buddhism, Catholicism, Taoism, Islam and Protestantism.  The culture of Shanghai has opened up from the traditional to the modern forms. This is an

The global education movement in the United States Essay

The global education movement in the United States - Essay Example This article is logically structured and is based on the personal investigated the author has conducted. Tye has developed a questionnaire which was translated into French and Spanish and sent to more than 100 countries practicing global education out of which 52 provided the responses. The article is the summary of the highlights from this study and contains a section on the most recent movements in the global education implementation. Unlike the writing of Tye, Scott in his article "Thai Exchange Students' Encounters with Ethnocentrism" relies only on the expertise of the other scholars who have already done the research and avoids making assumptions that are not based on facts. This article is rather informative and description and explains why global education is vital and should become part of high school curriculum. He believes that the most serious international conflicts in the future will be caused by misunderstandings between western and non-western cultures. For this reason the study and understanding of the distant cultures and regions is the prerequisite of global peace. The article starts with general information about global education, and then Scott devotes a page to definition of ethnocentrism and proves the assumption providing the example of how an exchange student from Thailand had to face ethnocentrism. This writing is of high value for any reader - a student and a teacher because the author do es not only discuss the issue but also points out the pitfalls of the current system and suggests how exactly the system should look like. For example, today what "students are taught about different cultures is often superficial, with the emphasis on exotic differences and negative stereotypes", while the "specific emphasis must be placed on the economic, political, environmental, social, and technological consequences of the individual and collective decisions we make that affect the planet" (Scott 1998). Merry Merryfield has investigated the global education implementation from a completely different perspective - the study of global women being included into curriculum. The author investigates how women from various cultures are perceived differently. For example, the Korean women are thought in term of year that took place 50 years. The aim of the article is to describe how teaches can integrate global perspective into their instructions in order to increase student understanding in women of other cultures. At first Merry examines the assumptions which constrain Americans from understanding the global women and how the teacher can help students to think about women globally. Further, some of the practices that are already used by teachers are outlined and illustrated. In addition, there is an overview of problems the teachers can face and the number of examples on how to overcome these problems. The article is not targeted for any specific audience and can be referred to by teache rs as well students because it has rather informative than persuasive objective. The article "California School District Employs Videoconferencing Units for Global Studies" is an example how the global education can become not only very informative for the students but very interesting as well. It talks about videoconferencing units at the point when they were just introduced into education system - in middle 1990s. This system supports the

System for Investigating Law Enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

System for Investigating Law Enforcement - Essay Example The system of investigations should be independent to ensure public confidence of the process and to avoid a scenerio police investigating themselves does not arise. The first step is the police officers should be required by law to provide a name and place of duty. This will help in the investigations by being able to confirm that the officer was at the site where the alleged misconduct took place and determine whether the officer exercised certain powers such as arrest or searching of suspects (Ruggiero, 2013). The suspected police officers and the witnesses should be separated and interviewed within 24 hours after the details of the misconduct are reported. The evidence collected should be used for criminal or administrative purposes (van Dongen, Selleslaghs, & Gehem, 2013). To ensure police officers cooperate fully with the investigations officers who fail to participate should be discharged from the police force. To ensure justice is not delayed there should be enforceable deadlines for carrying out investigations (Gounev & Ruggiero, 2012). To avoid delays the concerned police departments should provide the necessary information, and the in vestigators should be able to obtain warrants to get the required information and be able to search private property for any evidence needed. Secondly, my system entails the setting up of an independent agency to deal with cases of serious police misconduct. The agency should be a separate institution from the police force and should be free from political interference. The agency should be dominated by civilian investigates and a minimal number of retired police offices. The civilians should represent the community by having people of different cultural and economic backgrounds. The retired officers should be there only for consolations purposes as the risk of police bias is